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A list of mostly asked software testing interview questions or QTP interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is the PDCA cycle and where testing fits in?There are four steps in a normal software development process. In short, these steps are referred to as PDCA.PDCA stands for Plan, Do, Check, Act.Plan: It defines the goal and the plan for achieving that goal.Do/ Execute: It depends on the plan strategy decided during the planning stage. It is done according to this phase.Check: This is the testing part of the software development phase. It is used to ensure that we are moving according to plan and getting the desired result.Act: This step is used to solve if there any issue has occurred during the check cycle. It takes appropriate action accordingly and revises the plan again.The developers do the "planning and building" of the project while testers do the "check" part of the project.Play Video2) What is the difference between the white box, black box, and gray box testing?Black box Testing: The strategy of black box testing is based on requirements and specification. It requires no need of knowledge of internal path, structure or implementation of the software being tested.White box Testing: White box testing is based on internal paths, code structure, and implementation of the software being tested. It requires a full and detail programming skill.Gray box Testing: This is another type of testing in which we look into the box which is being tested, It is done only to understand how it has been implemented. After that, we close the box and use the black box testing.Following are the differences among white box, black box, and gray box testing are:Black box testingGray box testingWhite box testingBlack box testing does not need the implementation knowledge of a program.Gray box testing knows the limited knowledge of an internal program.In white box testing, implementation details of a program are fully required.It has a low granularity.It has a medium granularity.It has a high granularity.It is also known as opaque box testing, closed box testing, input-output testing, data-driven testing, behavioral testing and functional testing.It is also known as translucent testing.It is also known as glass box testing, clear box testing.It is a user acceptance testing, i.e., it is done by end users.It is also a user acceptance testing.Testers and programmers mainly do it.Test cases are made by the functional specifications as internal details are not known.Test cases are made by the internal details of a program.Test cases are made by the internal details of a program.3)What are the advantages of designing tests early in the life cycle?Designing tests early in the life cycle prevent defects from being in the main code.4) What are the types of defects?There are three types of defects: Wrong, missing, and extra.Wrong: These defects are occurred due to requirements have been implemented incorrectly.Missing: It is used to specify the missing things, i.e., a specification was not implemented, or the requirement of the customer was not appropriately noted.Extra: This is an extra facility incorporated into the product that was not given by the end customer. It is always a variance from the specification but may be an attribute that was desired by the customer. However, it is considered as a defect because of the variance from the user requirements.5) What is exploratory testing?Simultaneous test design and execution against an application is called exploratory testing. In this testing, the tester uses his domain knowledge and testing experience to predict where and under what conditions the system might behave unexpectedly.6) When should exploratory testing be performed?Exploratory testing is performed as a final check before the software is released. It is a complementary activity to automated regression testing.7) What are the advantages of designing tests early in the life cycle?It helps you to prevent defects in the code.8) Tell me about the risk-based testing.The risk-based testing is a testing strategy that is based on prioritizing tests by risks. It is based on a detailed risk analysis approach which categorizes the risks by their priority. Highest priority risks are resolved first.9) What is acceptance testing?Acceptance testing is done to enable a user/customer to determine whether to accept a software product. It also validates whether the software follows a set of agreed acceptance criteria. In this level, the system is tested for the user acceptability.Types of acceptance testing are:User acceptance testing: It is also known as end-user testing. This type of testing is performed after the product is tested by the testers. The user acceptance testing is testing performed concerning the user needs, requirements, and business processes to determine whether the system satisfies the acceptance criteria or not.Operational acceptance testing: An operational acceptance testing is performed before the product is released in the market. But, it is performed after the user acceptance testing.Contract and regulation acceptance testing: In the case of contract acceptance testing, the system is tested against certain criteria and the criteria are made in a contract. In the case of regulation acceptance testing, the software application is checked whether it meets the government regulations or not.Alpha and beta testing: Alpha testing is performed in the development environment before it is released to the customer. Input is taken from the alpha testers, and then the developer fixes the bug to improve the quality of a product. Unlike alpha testing, beta testing is performed in the customer environment. Customer performs the testing and provides the feedback, which is then implemented to improve the quality of a product.10) What is accessibility testing?Accessibility testing is used to verify whether a software product is accessible to the people having disabilities (deaf, blind, mentally disabled etc.).11) What is Adhoc testing?Ad-hoc testing is a testing phase where the tester tries to 'break' the system by randomly trying the system's functionality.12) What is Agile testing?Agile testing is a testing practice that uses agile methodologies i.e. follow test-first design paradigm.13) What is API (Application Programming Interface)?Application Programming Interface is a formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program to access supporting system or network services.14) What do you mean by automated testing?Testing by using software tools which execute test without manual intervention is known as automated testing. Automated testing can be used in GUI, performance, API, etc.15) What is Bottom-up testing?The Bottom-up testing is a testing approach which follows integration testing where the lowest level components are tested first, after that the higher level components are tested. The process is repeated until the testing of the top-level component.16) What is Baseline Testing?In Baseline testing, a set of tests is run to capture performance information. Baseline testing improves the performance and capabilities of the application by using the information collected and make the changes in the application. Baseline compares the present performance of the application with its previous performance.17) What is Benchmark Testing?Benchmarking testing is the process of comparing application performance with respect to the industry standard given by some other organization.It is a standard testing which specifies where our application stands with respect to others.18) Which types are testing are important for web testing?There are two types of testing which are very important for web testing:Performance testing: Performance testing is a testing technique in which quality attributes of a system are measured such as responsiveness, speed under different load conditions and scalability. The performance testing describes which attributes need to be improved before the product is released in the market.Security testing: Security testing is a testing technique which determines that the data and resources be saved from the intruders.19) What is the difference between web application and desktop application in the scenario of testing?The difference between a web application and desktop application is that a web application is open to the world with potentially many users accessing the application simultaneously at various times, so load testing and stress testing are important. Web applications are also prone to all forms of attacks, mostly DDOS, so security testing is also very important in the case of web applications.20) What is the difference between verification and validation?Difference between verification and validation:VerificationValidationVerification is Static Testing.Validation is Dynamic Testing.Verification occurs before Validation.Validation occurs after Verification.Verification evaluates plans, document, requirements and specification.Validation evaluates products.In verification, inputs are the checklist, issues list, walkthroughs, and inspection.Invalidation testing, the actual product is tested.Verification output is a set of document, plans, specification and requirement documents.Invalidation actual product is output.21) What is the difference between Retesting and Regression Testing?A list of differences between Retesting and Regression Testing:RegressionRetestingRegression is a type of software testing that checks the code change does not affect the current features and functions of an application.Retesting is the process of testing that checks the test cases which were failed in the final execution.The main purpose of regression testing is that the changes made to the code should not affect the existing functionalities.Retesting is applied on the defect fixes.Defect verification is not an element of Regression testing.Defect verification is an element of regression testing.Automation can be performed for regression testing while manual testing could be expensive and time-consuming.Automation cannot be performed for Retesting.Regression testing is also known as generic testing.Retesting is also known as planned testing.Regression testing concern with executing test cases that was passed in earlier builds. Retesting concern with executing those test cases that are failed earlier.Regression testing can be performed in parallel with the retesting. Priority of retesting is higher than the regression testing.22) What is the difference between preventative and reactive approaches to testing?Preventative tests are designed earlier, and reactive tests are designed after the software has been produced.23) What is the purpose of exit criteria?The exit criteria are used to define the completion of the test level.24) Why is the decision table testing used?A decision table consists of inputs in a column with the outputs in the same column but below the inputs.The decision table testing is used for testing systems for which the specification takes the form of rules or cause-effect combination. The reminders you get in the table explore combinations of inputs to define the output produced.25) What is alpha and beta testing?These are the key differences between alpha and beta testing:No.Alpha TestingBeta Testing1)It is always done by developers at the software development site.It is always performed by customers at their site.2)It is also performed by Independent testing teamIt is not be performed by Independent testing team3)It is not open to the market and public.It is open to the market and public.4)It is always performed in a virtual environment.It is always performed in a real-time environment.5)It is used for software applications and projects.It is used for software products.6)It follows the category of both white box testing and Black Box Testing.It is only the kind of Black Box Testing.7)It is not known by any other name.It is also known as field testing.26) What is Random/Monkey Testing?Random testing is also known as monkey testing. In this testing, data is generated randomly often using a tool. The data is generated either using a tool or some automated mechanism.Random testing has some limitations:Most of the random tests are redundant and unrealistic.It needs more time to analyze results.It is not possible to recreate the test if you do not record what data was used for testing.27) What is the negative and positive testing?Negative Testing: When you put an invalid input and receive errors is known as negative testing.Positive Testing: When you put in the valid input and expect some actions that are completed according to the specification is known as positive testing.28) What is the benefit of test independence?Test independence is very useful because it avoids author bias in defining effective tests.29) What is the boundary value analysis/testing?In boundary value analysis/testing, we only test the exact boundaries rather than hitting in the middle. For example: If there is a bank application where you can withdraw a maximum of 25000 and a minimum of 100. So in boundary value testing we only test above the max and below the max. This covers all scenarios.The following figure shows the boundary value testing for the above-discussed bank application.TC1 and TC2 are sufficient to test all conditions for the bank. TC3 and TC4 are duplicate/redundant test cases which do not add any value to the testing. So by applying proper boundary value fundamentals, we can avoid duplicate test cases, which do not add value to the testing.30) How would you test the login feature of a web application?There are many ways to test the login feature of a web application:Sign in with valid login, Close browser and reopen and see whether you are still logged in or not.Sign in, then log out and then go back to the login page to see if you are truly logged out.Log in, then go back to the same page, do you see the login screen again?Session management is important. You must focus on how do we keep track of logged in users, is it via cookies or web sessions?Sign in from one browser, open another browser to see if you need to sign in again?Log in, change the password, and then log out, then see if you can log in again with the old password.31) What are the types of performance testing?Performance testing: Performance testing is a testing technique which determines the performance of the system such as speed, scalability, and stability under various load conditions. The product undergoes the performance testing before it gets live in the market.Types of software testing are:1. Load testing:Load testing is a testing technique in which system is tested with an increasing load until it reaches the threshold value.Note: An increasing load means the increasing the number of users.The main purpose of load testing is to check the response time of the system with an increasing amount of load.Load testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.Load testing is performed to make sure that the system can withstand a heavy load2. Stress testing:Stress testing is a testing technique to check the system when hardware resources are not enough such as CPU, memory, disk space, etc.In case of stress testing, software is tested when the system is loaded with the number of processes and the hardware resources are less.The main purpose of stress testing is to check the failure of the system and to determine how to recover from this failure is known as recoverability.Stress testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.3. Spike testing:Spike testing is a subset of load testing. This type of testing checks the instability of the application when the load is varied.There are different cases to be considered during testing:The first case is not to allow the number of users so that the system will not suffer heavy load.The second case is to provide warnings to the extra joiners, and this would slow down the response time.4. Endurance testing:Endurance testing is a subset of load testing. This type of testing checks the behavior of the system.Endurance testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.Endurance testing is also known as Soak testing.Endurance testing checks the issues such as memory leak. A memory leak occurs when the program does not release its allocated memory after its use. Sometimes the application does not release its memory even after its use and this unusable memory cause memory leak. This causes an issue when the application runs for a long duration.Some of the main issues that are viewed during this testing are:Memory leaks occurred due to an application.Memory leaks occurred due to a database connection.Memory leaks occurred due to a third party software.5. Volume testing:Volume testing is a testing technique in which the system is tested when the volume of data is increased.Volume testing is also known as flood testing.Volume testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.For example: If we want to apply the volume testing then we need to expand the database size, i.e., adding more data into the database table and then perform the test.6. Scalability testingScalability testing is a testing technique that ensures that the system works well in proportion to the growing demands of the end users.Following are the attributes checked during this testing:Response timeThroughputNumber of users required for performance testThreshold loadCPU usageMemory usageNetwork usage32) What is the difference between functional and non-functional testing?Basis of comparisonFunctional testingNon-functional testingDescriptionFunctional testing is a testing technique which checks that function of the application works under the requirement specification.Non-functional testing checks all the non-functional aspects such as performance, usability, reliability, etc.ExecutionFunctional testing is implemented before non-functional testing.Non-functional testing is performed after functional testing.Focus areaIt depends on the customer requirements.It depends on the customer expectations.RequirementFunctional requirements can be easily defined.Non-functional requirements cannot be easily defined.Manual testingFunctional testing can be performed by manual testing.Non-functional testing cannot be performed by manual testing.Testing typesFollowing are the types of functional testing:Unit testingAcceptance testingIntegration testingSystem testingFollowing are the types of non-functional testing:Performance testingLoad testingStress testingVolume testingSecurity testingInstallation testingRecovery testing33) What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?Static testingDynamic testingStatic testing is a white box testing technique which is done at the initial stage of the software development lifecycle.Dynamic testing is a testing process which is done at the later stage of the software development lifecycle.Static testing is performed before the code deployment.Dynamic testing is performed after the code deployment.It is implemented at the verification stage.It is implemented at the validation stage.Execution of code is not done during this type of testing.Execution of code is necessary for the dynamic testing.In the case of static testing, the checklist is made for the testing process.In the case of dynamic testing, test cases are executed.34) What is the difference between negative and positive testing?Positive testingNegative testingPositive testing means testing the application by providing valid data.Negative testing means testing the application by providing the invalid data.In case of positive testing, tester always checks the application for a valid set of values.In the case of negative testing, tester always checks the application for the invalid set of values.Positive testing is done by considering the positive point of view for example: checking the first name field by providing the value such as "Akshay".Negative testing is done by considering the negative point of view for example: checking the first name field by providing the value such as "Akshay123".It verifies the known set of test conditions.It verifies the unknown set of conditions.The positive testing checks the behavior of the system by providing the valid set of data.The negative testing tests the behavior of the system by providing the invalid set of data.The main purpose of the positive testing is to prove that the project works well according to the customer requirements.The main purpose of the negative testing is to break the project by providing the invalid set of data.The positive testing tries to prove that the project meets all the customer requirements.The negative testing tries to prove that the project does not meet all the customer requirements.35) What are the different models available in SDLC?There are various models available in software testing, which are the following:Waterfall modelSpiral ModelPrototype modelVerification and validation modelHybrid modelAgile modelRational unified process model[RUP]Rapid Application development [RAD]36) List out the difference between smoke testing and sanity testing and dry run testing?Following are the differences between smoke, sanity, and dry run testing:Smoke testingSanity testingDry-run testingIt is shallow, wide and scripted testing.It is narrow and deep and unscripted testingA dry run testing is a process where the effects of a possible failure are internally mitigated.When the builds come, we will write the automation script and execute the scripts. So it will perform automatically.It will perform manually.For Example, An aerospace company may conduct a Dry run of a takeoff using a new aircraft and a runway before the first test flight.It will take all the essential features and perform high-level testing.It will take some significant features and perform in-depth testing.37) How do we test a web application? What are the types of tests we perform on the web application?To test any web application such as Yahoo, Gmail, and so on, we will perform the following testing:Functional testingIntegration testingSystem testingPerformance testingCompatibility testing ( test the application on the various operating systems, multiple browsers, and different version)Usability testing ( check whether it is user friendly)Ad-hoc testingAccessibility testingSmoke testingRegression testingSecurity testingGlobalization testing ( only if it is developed in different languages)38) Why do we need to perform compatibility testing?We might have developed the software in one platform, and the chances are there that users might use it in the different platforms. Hence, it could be possible that they may encounter some bugs and stop using the application, and the business might get affected. Therefore, we will perform one round of Compatibility testing.39) How many test cases we can write in a day?We can tell anywhere between 2-5 test cases.First test case → 1st day, 2nd day.Second test case → 3rd day, 4th day.Forth test case → 5th day.9-10 test cases → 19th day.Primarily, we use to write 2-5 test cases, but in future stages we write around 6-7 because, at that time, we have the better product knowledge, we start re-using the test cases, and the experience on the product.40) How many test cases can we review per day?It would be around 7 test cases we write so that we can review 7*3=21 test cases. And we can say that 25-30 test case per day.41) How many test cases can we run in a day?We can run around 30-55 test cases per day.Note: For these types of questions (39-41), always remember the ratio: x test cases we can write, 3x test cases we can review, and 5x test cases we can execute per day.42) Does the customer get a 100% bug-free product?The testing team is not goodDevelopers are superProduct is oldAll of the aboveThe correct answer is testing team is not good because sometimes the fundamentals of software testing define that no product has zero bugs.43) How to track the bug manually and with the help of automation?We can track the bug manually as:Identify the bug.Make sure that it is not duplicate (that is, check it in bug repository).Prepare a bug report.Store it in bug repository.Send it to the development team.Manage the bug life cycle (i.e., keep modifying the status).Tracking the bug with the help of automation i.e., bug tracking tool:We have various bug tracking tools available in the market, such as:JiraBugzillaMantisTelelogicRational Clear QuestBug_trackQuality center ( it is a test management tool, a part of it is used to track the bugs)Note: Here, we have two categories of tools:A product based: In the product based companies, they will use only one bug tracking tool.Service-based: In service-based companies, they have many projects of different customers, and every project will have different bug tracking tools.44) Why does an application have bugs?The software can have a bug for the following reasons:Software complexityProgramming errorsIf no communications are happening between the customer and the company, i.e., an application should or should not perform according to the software's needs.Modification in requirementsTime pressure.45) When we perform testing?We will perform testing whenever we need to check all requirements are executed correctly or not, and to make sure that we are delivering the right quality product.46) When do we stop the testing?We can stop testing whenever we have the following:Once the functionality of the application is stable.When the time is less, then we test the necessary features, and we stop it.The client's budget.When the essential feature itself is not working correctly.47) For which and all types of testing do we write test cases?We can write test cases for the following types of testing:Different types of testingTest casesSmoke testingIn this, we will write only standard features; thus, we can pull out some test cases that have all the necessary functions. Therefore, we do not have to write a test case for smoke testing.Functional/unit testingYes, we write the test case for unit testing.Integration testingYes, we write the test case for integration testing.System testingYes, we write the test case for system testing.Acceptance testingYes, but here the customer may write the test case.Compatibility testingIn this, we don't have to write the test case because the same test cases as above are used for testing on different platforms.Adhoc testingWe don't write the test case for the Adhoc testing because there are some random scenarios or the ideas, which we used at the time of Adhoc time. Though, if we identify the critical bug, then we convert that scenario into a test case.Performance testingWe might not write the test cases because we will perform this testing with the help of performance tools.Usability testingIn this, we use the regular checklist; therefore, we don't write the test case because here we are only testing the look and feel of the application.Accessibility testingIn accessibility testing, we also use the checklist.Reliability testingHere, we don't write the manual test cases as we are using the automation tool to perform reliability testing.Regression testingYes, we write the test cases for functional, integration, and system testing.Recovery testingYes, we write the test cases for recovery testing, and also check how the product recovers from the crash.Security testingYes, we write the test case for security testing.Globalization testing:Localization testingInternationalization testingYes, we write the test case for L10N testing.Yes, we write the test case for I18N testing.48) What is the difference between the traceability matrix and the test case review process?Traceability matrixTest case reviewIn this, we will make sure that each requirement has got at least one test case.In this, we will check whether all the scenarios are covered for the particular requirements.49) What is the difference between use case and test case?Following are the significant differences between the use case and the test case:Test caseUse CaseIt is a document describing the input, action, and expected response to control whether the application is working fine based on the customer requirements.It is a detailed description of Customer Requirements.It is derived from test scenarios, Use cases, and the SRS.It is derived from BRS/SRS.While developing test cases, we can also identify loopholes in the specifications.A business analyst or QA Lead prepares it.50) How to test a pen?We can perform both manual and automation testing. First, we will see how we perform manual testing:Different types of testingScenarioSmoke testingChecks that basic functionality is written or not.Functional/unit testingCheck that the Refill, pen body, pen cap, and pen size as per the requirement.Integration testingCombine pen and cap and integrate other different sizes and see whether they work fine.Compatibility testingVarious surfaces, multiple environments, weather conditions, and keep it in oven and then write, keep it in the freezer and write, try and write on water.Adhoc testingThrow the pen down and start writing, keep it vertically up and write, write on the wall.Performance testingTest the writing speed of the pen.Usability testingCheck whether the pen is user friendly or not, whether we can write it for more extended periods smoothly.Accessibility testingHandicapped people use them.Reliability testingDrop it down and write, and continuously write and see whether it leaks or notRecovery testingThrow it down and write.Globalization testingLocalization testingPrice should be standard, expiry date format.Internationalize testingCheck whether the print on the pen is as per the country language.Now, we will see how we perform automation testing on a pen:For this take a roller, now put some sheets of paper on the roller, then connects the pen to the motor and switch on the motor. The pen starts writing on the paper. Once the pen has stopped writing, now observe the number of lines that it has written on each page, length of each track, and multiplying all this, so we can get for how many kilometers the pen can write.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
Selenium is based on automating web applications for testing purpose, but it is certainly not limited to just that. The web-based administration tasks can be automated as well. It automates browsersSelenium has the support of some of the leading browser vendors who have adopted it to make Selenium an essential part of their browser. It is also the core technology in many other browser automation tools, APIs, and frameworks.A list of most frequently asked Selenium interview questions, and their answers are given below.Basic Level - Selenium Interview Questions1) What is test automation or automation testing?Automation testing uses automation tools to write and execute test cases, no manual involvement is necessary for executing an automated test suite. Testers prefer automation tools to write test scripts and test cases and then group into test suites.Play VideoAutomation testing enables the use of specialized tools to automate the execution of manually designed test cases without any human intervention. Automation testing tools can access the test data, controls the execution of tests and compares the actual result against the expected result. Consequently, generating detailed test reports of the system under test.2) What are the advantages of automation testing?Some basic Advantages of automation testing are as follows.Automation testing supports both functional and performance test on an application.It supports the execution of repeated test cases.It facilitates parallel execution.It aids in testing a large test matrix.It improves accuracy because there are no chances of human errors.It saves time and money.3) Name some of the commonly used Automation Testing tools that are used for Functional Automation.Lists of top 10 used automation testing tools for Functional Automation are as follows.Teleric Test Studio, Developed by Teleric.TestingWhizHPE Unified Functional Testing (HP - UFT formerly QTP)Tosca TestsuiteWatirQuick Test Professional, provided by HP.Rational Robot, provided by IBM.Coded UI, provided by Microsoft.Selenium, open source.Auto It, Open Source.4) Name some of the commonly used Automation Testing tools that are used for Non-Functional Automation.Lists of some commonly used Automation Testing tools for Non-Functional Automation are as follows.Load Runner, provided by Hp.JMeter, provided by Apache.Burp Suite, provided by PortSwigger.Acunetix, provided by Acunetix.5) What is Selenium?Selenium is a portable framework for software testing. Selenium tool facilitates with a playback tool for authoring functional tests without the need to learn a test scripting language.Selenium is one of the most widely used open source Web UI (User Interface) automation testing suite. Jason Huggins developed Selenium in 2004 as an internal tool at Thought Works. Selenium supports automation across different browsers, platforms, and programming languages.6) What are the different components of Selenium?Selenium is not just a single tool but a suite of software's, each having a different approach to support automation testing. It comprises of four major components which include:Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE)Selenium Remote Control (Now Deprecated)WebDriverSelenium Grid7) List out the names of programming languages, browsers and operating systems that are supported by Selenium.Selenium supports various operating systems, browsers and programming languages. Following is the list:Programming Languages: C#, Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, Perl, JavaScript.Operating Systems: Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, Mac, Solaris.Browsers: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Edge, Opera, Safari, etc.8) What are the significant changes/upgrades in various Selenium versions?Selenium v1.0:Version 1.0 was the initial release of Selenium.It included three tools: Selenium IDE, Selenium RC, and Selenium Grid.Selenium v2.0:Selenium WebDriver was introduced replacing Selenium RC in version "2.0".With the onset of WebDriver, RC got deprecated and moved to the legacy package.Selenium v3:The latest release Selenium 3 has new added features and functionalities.It includes Selenium IDE, Selenium WebDriver, and Selenium Grid.9) List some of the test types that are supported by Selenium.Different types of testing's that we can achieve through Selenium are.Functional TestingRegression TestingSanity TestingSmoke TestingResponsive TestingCross Browser TestingUI testing (black box)Integration Testing10) What is Selenium IDE?Selenium IDE is implemented as Firefox extension which provides record and playback functionality on test scripts. It allows testers to export recorded scripts in many languages like HTML, Java, Ruby, RSpec, Python, C#, JUnit and TestNG.Selenium IDE has limited scope, and the generated test scripts are not very robust, and portable.11) What do you mean by Selenese?Selenium commands, also known as "Selenese" are the set of commands used in Selenium that run your tests. For example, command - open (URL); launches the desired URL in the specified browser and it accept both relative and absolute URLs.A sequence of Selenium commands (Selenese) together is known as a test script.12) What are the different ways of locating a web element in Selenium?In Selenium, web elements are identified and located with the help of Locators. Locators specify a target location which uniquely defines the web element in the context of a web application. Thus, to identify web elements accurately and precisely we have different types of locators in Selenium:IDClassNameNameTagNameLinkTextPartialLinkTextXpathCSS SelectorDOM13) How many types of WebDriver API's are available in Selenium?The list of WebDriver API's which are used to automate browser include:AndroidDriverChromeDriverEventFiringWebDriverFirefoxDriverHtmlUnitDriverInternetExplorerDriveriPhoneDriveriPhoneSimulatorDriverRemoteWebDriver14) List out some of the Automation tools which could be integrated with Selenium to achieve continuous testing.Selenium can be used to automate functional tests and can be integrated with automation test tools such as Maven, Jenkins, &Docker to achieve continuous testing. It can also be integrated with tools such as TestNG, &JUnit for managing test cases and generating reports.15) What do you mean by the assertion in Selenium?The assertion is used as a verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is expected. The types of assertion are "assert", "verify" and "waitFor".16) Explain the difference between assert and verify commands?Assert: Assert command checks if the given condition is true or false. If the condition is true, the program control will execute the next phase of testing, and if the condition is false, execution will stop, and nothing will be executed.Verify: Verify command also checks if the given condition is true or false. It doesn't halt program execution, i.e., any failure during verification would not stop the execution, and all the test phases would be executed.17) What do you mean by XPath?XPath is also defined as XML Path. It is a language used to query XML documents. It is an important approach to locate elements in Selenium. XPath consists of a path expression along with some conditions. Here, we can easily write XPath script/query to locate any element in the webpage. It is developed to allow the navigation of XML documents. The key factors that it considered while navigating are selecting individual elements, attributes, or some other part of an XML document for specific processing. It also produces reliable locators. Some other points about XPath are as follows.XPath is a language used for locating nodes in XML documents.XPath can be used as a substitute when you don't have a suitable id or name attribute for the element you want to locate.XPath provides locating strategies like:XPath AbsoluteXPath Attributes18) Explain XPath Absolute and XPath attributes.XPath Absolute:XPath Absolute enables users to mention the complete XPath location from the root HTML tag to the specific elements.Syntax: //html/body/tag1[index]/tag2[index]/.../tagN[index]Example: //html/body/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div/div/fieldset/form/div[1]/input[1]XPath Attributes:XPath Attributes is always recommended when you don't have a suitable id or name attribute for the element you want to locate.Syntax: //htmltag[@attribute1='value1' and @attribute2='value2']Example: //input[@id='passwd' and @placeholder='password']19) What is the difference between "/" and "//" in XPath?Single Slash "/": Single slash is used to create XPath with absolute path.Double Slash "//": Double slash is used to create XPath with the relative path.20) What are the different types of annotations which are used in Selenium?JUnit annotations which can be used are:TestBeforeAfterIgnoreBeforeClassAfterClassRunWith21) What are the WebDriver supported Mobile Testing Drivers?WebDriver supported "mobile testing drivers" are:AndroidDriverIphoneDriverOperaMobileDriver22) What are the popular programming languages supported by Selenium WebDriver to write Test Cases?Selenium WebDriver supports the below languages to write Test Cases.JAVAPHPPythonC#RubyPerl23) What is the difference between type keys and type commands?TypeKeys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won't.24) What is the difference between "type" and "typeAndWait" command?"type" command is used to type keyboard key values into the text box of software web application. It can also be used for selecting values of combo box whereas "typeAndWait" command is used when your typing is completed and software web page start reloading. This command will wait for software application page to reload. If there is no page reload event on typing, you have to use a simple "type" command.25) What is the difference between findElement() and findElements()?findElement(): It is used to find the first element within the current page using the given "locating mechanism". It returns a single WebElement.findElements(): It uses the given "locating mechanism" to find all the elements within the current page. It returns a list of web elements.26) What is the wait? How many types of waits in selenium?Selenium Webdriver introduces the concept of waits for the AJAX-based application. There are two types of waits:Implicit WaitExplicit Wait27) What is the main disadvantage of implicit wait?The main disadvantage of implicit wait is that it slows down test performance.Another disadvantage of implicit wait is:Suppose, you set the waiting limit to be 10 seconds, and the elements appear in the DOM in 11 seconds, your tests will be failed because you told it to wait a maximum of 10 seconds.28) What is Selenium Grid?Selenium Grid facilitates you to distribute your tests on multiple machines and all of them at the same time. So, you can execute tests on Internet Explorer on Windows and Safari on Mac machine using the same text script. It reduces the time of test execution and provides quick feedback.Advance Level - Selenium Interview Questions29) How can we launch different browsers in Selenium WebDriver?We have to create an instance of a driver of that particular browser.WebDriver driver =newFirefoxDriver(); Here, "WebDriver" is an interface, and we are creating a reference variable "driver" of type WebDriver, instantiated using "FireFoxDriver" class.30) Write a code snippet to launch Firefox browser in WebDriver.public class FirefoxBrowserLaunchDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating a driver object referencing WebDriver interface WebDriver driver; //Setting webdriver.gecko.driver property System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", pathToGeckoDriver + "\\geckodriver.exe"); //Instantiating driver object and launching browser driver = newFirefoxDriver(); //Using get() method to open a webpage driver.get("http://javatpoint.com"); //Closing the browser driver.quit(); } } 31) Write a code snippet to launch Chrome browser in WebDriver.public class ChromeBrowserLaunchDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating a driver object referencing WebDriver interface WebDriver driver; //Setting the webdriver.chrome.driver property to its executable's location System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "/lib/chromeDriver/chromedriver.exe"); //Instantiating driver object driver = newChromeDriver(); //Using get() method to open a webpage driver.get("http://javatpoint.com"); //Closing the browser driver.quit(); } } 32) Write a code snippet to launch Internet Explorer browser in WebDriver.public class IEBrowserLaunchDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating a driver object referencing WebDriver interface WebDriver driver; //Setting the webdriver.ie.driver property to its executable's location System.setProperty("webdriver.ie.driver", "/lib/IEDriverServer/IEDriverServer.exe"); //Instantiating driver object driver = newInternetExplorerDriver(); //Using get() method to open a webpage driver.get("http://javatpoint.com"); //Closing the browser driver.quit(); } } 33) Write a code snippet to perform right-click an element in WebDriver.We will use Action class to generate user event like right-click an element in WebDriver.Actions action = newActions(driver); WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("elementId")); action.contextClick(element).perform(); 34) Write a code snippet to perform mouse hover in WebDriver.Actions action = newActions(driver); WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("elementId")); action.moveToElement(element).perform(); 35) How do you perform drag and drop operation in WebDriver?Code snippet to perform drag and drop operation://WebElement on which drag and drop operation needs to be performed WebElementfromWebElement = driver.findElement(By Locator of fromWebElement); //WebElement to which the above object is dropped WebElementtoWebElement = driver.findElement(By Locator of toWebElement); //Creating object of Actions class to build composite actions Actions builder = newActions(driver); //Building a drag and drop action Action dragAndDrop = builder.clickAndHold(fromWebElement) .moveToElement(toWebElement) .release(toWebElement) .build(); //Performing the drag and drop action dragAndDrop.perform(); 36) What are the different methods to refresh a web page in WebDriver?There are multiple ways of refreshing a page in Webdriver.1. Using driver.navigate command -driver.navigate().refresh(); 2. Using driver.getCurrentUrl() with driver.get() command -driver.get(driver.getCurrentUrl()); 3. Using driver.getCurrentUrl() with driver.navigate() command -driver.navigate().to(driver.getCurrentUrl()); 4. Pressing an F5 key on any textbox using the sendKeys command -driver.findElement(By textboxLocator).sendKeys(Keys.F5); 5. Passing ascii value of the F5 key, i.e., "\uE035" using the sendKeys command -driver.findElement(By textboxLocator).sendKeys("\uE035"); 37) Write a code snippet to navigate back and forward in browser history?Navigate back in browser history:driver.navigate().back(); Navigate forward in browser history:driver.navigate().forward(); 38) How to invoke an application in WebDriver?driver.get("url"); or driver.navigate().to("url"); Misc. Questions - Selenium Interview Question.39) What are the benefits of Automation Testing?Benefits of Automation testing are as follows.It allows execution of repeated test casesIt enables parallel executionAutomation Testing encourages unattended executionIt improves accuracy. Thus, it reduces human-generated errorsIt saves time and money.40) How can we get a text of a web element?Get command is used to get the inner text of the specified web element. The get command doesn't require any parameter, but it returns a string type value. It is also one of the widely used commands for verification of messages, labels, and errors,etc.,from web pages.SyntaxString Text = driver.findElement(By.id("Text")).getText(); 41) How to select value in a dropdown?We use the WebDriver's Select class to select the value in the dropdown.Syntax:selectByValue:Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_One"))); selectByValue.selectByValue("greenvalue"); selectByVisibleText:Select selectByVisibleText = new Select (driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_Two"))); selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText("Lime"); Select selectByIndex = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_Three"))); selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2); 42) What are the different types of navigation commands?The navigation commands are as follows.navigate().back()The above command needs no parameters and takes back the user to the previous webpage.Exampledriver.navigate().back(); navigate().forward()The above command allows the user to navigate to the next web page with reference to the browser's history.Exampledriver.navigate().forward(); navigate().refresh()The navigate().refresh() command allows the user to refresh the current web page by reloading all the web elements.Exampledriver.navigate().refresh(); navigate().to()The navigate().to() command allows the user to launch a new web browser window and navigate to the specified URL.Exampledriver.navigate().to("https://google.com"); 43) How to deal with frame in WebDriver?An inline frame abbreviates as an iframe. It is used to insert another document within the current document. These document can be HTML document or simply web page and nested web page.Select iframe by iddriver.switchTo().frame("ID of the frame"); Locating iframe using tagNamedriver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName("iframe").get(0)); Locating iframe using indexframe(index)driver.switchTo().frame(0); frame(Name of Frame)driver.switchTo().frame("name of the frame"); frame(WebElement element)Select Parent Windowdriver.switchTo().defaultContent(); 44) Is there an HtmlUnitDriver for .NET?To use HtmlUnit first use the RemoteWebDriver and pass it in the desired capabilities.IWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(DesiredCapabilities.HtmlUnit()) For the Firefox implementation to run, useIWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(DesiredCapabilities.HtmlUnitWithJavaScript()) 45) How can you redirect browsing from a browser through some proxy?Selenium facilitates with a PROXY class to redirect browsing from a proxy. Look at the example below.ExampleString PROXY = "199.201.125.147:8080"; org.openqa.selenium.Proxy proxy = new.org.openqa.selenium.Proxy(); proxy.setHTTPProxy(Proxy) .setFtpProxy(Proxy) .setSslProxy(Proxy) DesiredCapabilities cap = new DesiredCapabilities(); cap.setCapability(CapabilityType.PROXY, proxy); WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(cap); 46) What is POM (Page Object Model)? What are its advantages?Page Object Model is a design pattern for creating an Object directory for web UI elements. Each web page is required to have its page class. The page class is responsible for finding the WebElements in web pages and then perform operations on WebElements.The benefits of using POM are as follows.It facilitates with separate operations and flows in the UI from Verification - improves code readabilityMultiple tests can use the same Object Repository because the Object Repository is independent of Test Cases.Reusability of code47) How to capture screenshot in WebDriver?Below is the program to capture screenshot in WebDriver.import org.junit.After; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils; import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType; import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; public class TakeScreenshot { WebDriver drv; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { driver = new FirefoxDriver(); drv.get("https://google.com"); } @After public void tearDown() throws Exception { drv.quit(); } @Test public void test() throws IOException { //capture the screenshot File scrFile = ((TakeScreenshot)drv).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); // paste the screenshot in the desired location FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("C:\\Screenshot\\Scr.jpg")) } } 48) How to type text in a textbox using Selenium?The sendKeys("String to be entered") is used to enter the string in a textbox.SyntaxWebElement username = drv.findElement(By.id("Email")); // entering username username.sendKeys("sth"); 49) How can you find if an element is displayed on the screen?WebDriver allows user to check the visibility of the web elements. These web elements can be buttons, radio buttons, drop, checkboxes, boxes, labels etc. which are used with the following methods.isDisplayed()isSelected()isEnabled()Syntax:isDisplayed(): boolean buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfba")).isDisplayed(); isSelected(): boolean buttonSelected = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfba")).isSelected(); isEnabled(): boolean searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfb")).isEnabled(); 50) How to click on a hyper link using linkText?driver.findElement(By.linkText("Google")).click(); The above command search the element using a link text, then click on that element and thus the user will be re-directed to the corresponding page.The following command can access the link mentioned earlier.driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Goo")).click(); The above-given command searches the element based on the substring of the link provided in the parenthesis. And after that partialLinkText() finds the web element with the specified substring and then clicks on it.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
There is given frequently asked Web Services interview questions and answers that have been asked in many companies. Let's see the list of top Web Services interview questions.1) What is Web Service?The Web Service is a standard software system used for communication between two devices (client and server) over the network. Web services provide a common platform for various applications written in different languages to communicate with each other over the network.Java Web Services APIMore details..2) How does a web service work?A web service is used to communicate among various applications by using open standards such as HTML, XML, WSDL, and SOAP. You can build a Java-based web service on Solaris that is accessible from your Visual Basic program that runs on Windows. You can also use C# to develop new web services on Windows invokes from your web application that is based on Java Server Pages (JSP) and runs on Linux.3) What are the advantages of web services?These are some of the important advantages of web services:Play VideoxInteroperability: With the help of web services, an application can communicate with other application developed in any language.Reusability: We can expose the web service so that other applications can use it.Modularity: With the help of web service, we can create a service for a specific task such as tax calculation.A Standard protocol for every application program: Web services use standard protocol so that all the client applications written in different languages can understand it. This Standard protocol helps in achieving cross-platform.Cheaper cost for communication: Web services uses SOAP over HTTP so that anybody can use existing internet for using web services.More details..4) What are the different types of web services?There are two types of web services:SOAP - It is an XML-based protocol for accessing web services.RESTful - It is an architectural style, not a protocol.5) What are the main features of web services?Following is a list of main features of web services:It is available over the Internet or private (intranet) networks.It uses a standardized XML messaging system.It is not tied to any one operating system or programming language.It is self-describing via a common XML grammar.It is discoverable via a simple find mechanism.6) What is SOAP?The SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It is an XML-based protocol for accessing web services. It is platform independent and language independent. By using SOAP, you can interact with other programming language applications. More details..7) What are the advantages of SOAP web services?These are some of the important advantages of SOAP web services:WS Security - SOAP defines its security known as WS Security.Language Independent - Its web services can be written in any programming languagePlatform Independent - Its web services can be executed on any platform.More details..8) What are the disadvantages of SOAP web services?These are some of the important disadvantages of SOAP web services:Slow - It uses XML format that must be parsed to be read and defines many standards that must be followed while developing the SOAP applications. So it is slow and consumes more bandwidth and resource.WSDL Dependent - It uses WSDL and doesn't have any other mechanism to discover the service.More details..9) What are the main features of SOAP?The following list specifies the features of SOAP:SOAP is a communication protocol.SOAP communicates between applications.SOAP is a format for sending messages.SOAP is designed to communicate via Internet.SOAP is platform independent.SOAP is language independent.SOAP is simple and extensible.SOAP allows you to get around firewalls.SOAP developed as a W3C standard.10) What is WSDL?The WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language. It is an XML document containing information about web services such as method name, method parameter. The Client needs a data dictionary which contains information about all the web services with methods names and parameters list to invoke them for the web services. The Web Service Description Language bridge up this gap, by providing all necessary information to the client.Some Important elements used in Web Services Description language are as follows:<message>: The message element in WSDL is used to define all different data elements for each operation performed by the web service.<portType>: The port type element is used to determine the operation which can be performed by the web service. This operation can have two messages one is input and the second one is the output message.<binding>: This element contains the used protocol.More details..11) What is UDDI?The UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery and Integration. It is a XML based framework for describing, discovering and integrating web services. It contains a list of available web services. WSDL is the part of UDDI. More details..12) What is RESTful web services?The REST stands for Representational State Transfer. It is an architectural style. It is not a protocol like SOAP. More details..13) What are the advantages of RESTful web services?These are some of the important advantages of RESTful web services:Fast - The Web Services are fast because there is no strict specification of SOAP. It consumes less bandwidth and resource.Language Independent - The web services can be written in any programming language.Platform Independent - The web services can be executed on any platform.Can use SOAP - The web services can use SOAP web services as the implementation.Allows different data format - The web service permits different data format such as Plain Text, HTML, XML, and JSON.More details..14) What is the difference between SOAP and REST web services?No.SOAPREST1)SOAP is a protocol.REST is an architectural style.2)SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol.REST stands for Representational State Transfer.3)SOAP can't use REST because it is a protocol.REST can use SOAP web services because it is a concept and can use any protocol like HTTP, SOAP.4)SOAP uses services interfaces to expose the business logic.REST uses URI to expose business logic.5)SOAP defines standards to be strictly followed.REST does not define too much standards like SOAP.6)SOAP permits XML data format only.REST permits different data format such as Plain text, HTML, XML, JSON.More details..15) What is SOA?SOA stands for Service Oriented Architecture. It is a design pattern to provide services to other application through protocol.More details..16) What tools are used to test web services?The tools used to test web services are:SoapUI tool for testing SOAP and RESTful web servicesPoster for firefox browserPostman extension for Chrome17) What is the advantage of XML in web service?In Web service, an XML is used to tag the data, format the data.18) What is the usage of WSDL in a web service?WSDL is used in web service to describe the availability of service.19) What is Interoperability in Web services?The Web services facilitate various applications to communicate with each other and share data and services among themselves. Other applications can also use the web services. For example, a VB or .NET application can communicate with a Java web services and vice versa. Web services are used to make the application platform and technology independent.20) Explain the loosely coupled architecture of web services.A consumer of a web service is not tied to that web service directly. The web service interface can change over time without compromising the client's ability to interact with the service. A tightly coupled system implies that the client and server logic are closely tied to one another, implying that if one interface changes, the other must be updated. Adopting a loosely coupled architecture tends to make software systems more manageable and facilitates simpler integration between different systems.21) What are the advantages of having XML based Web services?Using XML eliminates any networking, operating system, or platform binding. So Web Services based applications are highly interoperable application at their core level.22) What do you mean by synchronicity?Synchronicity is used to bind the client to the execution of the service. In synchronous invocations, the client blocks and waits for the service to complete its operation before continuing. On the other hand, synchronous operations facilitate a client to invoke a service and then execute different functions.23) What is the usage of Service Transport Layer in Web service protocol stack?The Service Transport Layer is used to transport messages between applications.This layer includes Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and newer protocols like Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP).24) What is the usage of Service Description layer in Web Service Protocol Stack?The Service Description layer is used to describe the public interface to a specific web service. Currently, service description is handled via the Web Service Description Language (WSDL).25) What is the usage of Service Discovery layer in Web Service Protocol Stack?The Service Discovery layer is used for centralizing services into a universal registry and providing easy publish/find functionality.Currently, service discovery is handled via Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI).26) What is a remote procedure call (RPC)?The Remote procedure calls refer to the calls made to the methods which are hosted by related web service.27) What is meant by SOAP message?The SOAP message refers to the data sent to the application from web services. SOAP message is an XML document which is sent through web services to provide data to the client application written in any programming language.SOAP message sends via using hypertext transfer protocol.28) What is the need of <Envelope> element in the SOAP document?The <Envelope> element is used as the root element of every SOAP message.The Root element is known as the first element in the XML Document.The envelope, in turn, separated into two parts. One is the header part and second is the body part. The header contains the routing data which stores the source and destination address of the client. So the body includes the actual data.29) Explain web service protocol stack and its layers?The web services consist of four layers, as mentioned below:Service transport:This layer is the first layer in the web services protocol stack used in transporting XML files between various clients applications. Protocols used in the layer is as follows:HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)FTP (File Transfer Protocol)BEEP (Block Extensible Exchange Protocol)XML Messaging:This layer is the second layer in the web services protocol stack based on XML model where messages are encoded in common XML format which can be understandable to other client applications. This layer includes the following protocols:XML - RPCSOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)Service Description:This layer provides the service description to the public interface like the location of web service, Available functions, And the data types for XML messaging. This layer only includes one language:WSDL: WSDL stands for Web Service Description Language.Service Discovery:This layer in the Web Services protocol stack is used to publish or finding web services over the web. This layer includes:UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and integration).30) Explain web service architecture?The web service framework includes three different layers.The roles of these layers are:Service Provider: Role of Service provider is to make the web service which makes it accessible to the client applications over the Web.Service Requestor: Service requestor refers to any consumer of web service like any client application. Client applications are written in any language contact web service for any functionality by sending XML request over the available network connection.Service Registry: Service Registry is the centralized directory System which helps to locate the web services for client applications. Used to find the existing web services, as well as developers, can also create the brand new one web service also.The Service Provider uses the interface named as ?Publish? interface of Service Registry to make the existing web services available to client applications. With all the information provided by the service registry, service requestor able to find or invoke services.31) What is XML-RPC?The RPC is Remote Procedure Call. It is the method used for calling a procedure or function available on any remote computer on the web.XML-RPC refers to a simple protocol used to perform RPCs by using XML messaging. It is an excellent tool for connecting different environments and also establishing connections between wide varieties of computers.32) Explain BEEP?The BEEP stands for Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol. BEEP is an alternative to HTTP and FTP. BEEP is determined as building new protocols for the variety of applications such as instant messaging, network management, file transfer. It is termed as new Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which is layered directly over TCP.Some of the Build-in features of BEEP protocol are listed below:AuthenticationSecurityError handlingInitial Handshake Protocol33) What are the requirements to access a Web Service?The requirement for accessing web services from any application is that should support XML-based request and response. Hence there is no need to install any app for accessing web services.34) Which language does UDDI use?The UDDI uses the language known as WSDL (Web Service Description Language).35) Explain different HTTP methods supported by RESTful web services?Enlisted below are some common HTTP methods along with their functions that are supported by RESTful web services.GET: Read-only access to the resource.PUT: Creation of new resource.DELETE: Removal of a resource.POST: Update of an existing resource.OPTIONS: Get supported operations on the resource.HEAD: Returns HTTP header only, nobody.36) What are the steps involved in accessing a web service?These are the steps involved in accessing a web service:Client application bundled the information and into a SOAP message.SOAP message sends to the server as a body of Hyper-Text markup language using POST method.Web service unpacks the SOAP message and converts it into a command understandable by the application.Application processes the information and in turn bundled the info and send it back to the client as a SOAP message.A Client then unpacks the SOAP message to obtain the results.37) How many Communication protocols can be used to implement a SOAP message? Is SOAP messages are tied to any protocol?Communication protocol refers to the protocols which were used to transmit information over the web. By using Transport protocols, applications from the different background can quickly communicate with each other without knowing the inside functioning of the various systems. HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) can be used to implement a SOAP message whereas FTP (File Transfer Protocol) can be used as the reliable transport mechanism. SMTP and BEEP can also be used for transport mechanism.SOAP message is not tied to any protocol. It can use any of the open Transport protocol.38) How are the terms "Platform independent" and "Diverse Application" are related to each other in the context of XML-RPC?The terms "Platform independent" and "Diverse Application" were related to each other because XML-RPC uses HTTP for transporting SOAP messages over the web. The HTTP is a universal standard protocol for exchanging information on the Web. Hence, it leads to Cross Platform support/ Platform independent. So because it is Platform independent, it leads to the diverse application capable of accessing the web services.39) Explain the role of web service provider/ Publisher.The role of a Web Service provider is to implement web service and make it available to the web service requestor/ consumer.40) Explain the role of web service requestor/ consumer.The role of Web Service Requestor / Consumer is to utilize the pre-existing web service provided by the Web Service Provider/ Publisher. Web Service Requestor/ Consumer request the Web Service provider for the information by sending a SOAP message to the Web Service provider. Then in-Turn Web Service Publisher sends the requested information back to the requestor in the form of a SOAP message.41) Write an example to demonstrate the working of the Web Service Provider.Here is the example of a Web Service Provider:using System; using System.Web.Services; using System.Xml.Serialization; [WebService(Namespace="http://localhost/MyWebServices/")] public class FirstService : WebService{ [WebMethod] public int Add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } [WebMethod] public String SayHello() { return "Hello World"; } } 42) Explain the difference between Web Service Provider/Publisher and Web Service requestor/Consumer.As the name suggests Web Service Provider provides the web services to the various application irrespective of their background, and Web Service Requestor/ Consumer as the name suggests is the requestor for the web services.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of top frequently asked Operating System interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is an operating system?The operating system is a software program that facilitates computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. It is the most important part of a computer system without it computer is just like a box.2) What is the main purpose of an operating system?There are two main purposes of an operating system:It is designed to make sure that a computer system performs well by managing its computational activities.It provides an environment for the development and execution of programs.3) What are the different operating systems?Batched operating systemsDistributed operating systemsTimesharing operating systemsMulti-programmed operating systemsReal-time operating systems4) What is a socket?A socket is used to make connection between two applications. Endpoints of the connection are called socket.Play Videox5) What is a real-time system?Real-time system is used in the case when rigid-time requirements have been placed on the operation of a processor. It contains a well defined and fixed time constraints.6) What is kernel?Kernel is the core and most important part of a computer operating system which provides basic services for all parts of the OS.7) What is monolithic kernel?A monolithic kernel is a kernel which includes all operating system code is in single executable image.8) What do you mean by a process?An executing program is known as process. There are two types of processes:Operating System ProcessesUser Processes9) What are the different states of a process?A list of different states of process:New ProcessRunning ProcessWaiting ProcessReady ProcessTerminated Process10) What is the difference between micro kernel and macro kernel?Micro kernel: micro kernel is the kernel which runs minimal performance affecting services for operating system. In micro kernel operating system all other operations are performed by processor.Macro Kernel: Macro Kernel is a combination of micro and monolithic kernel.11) What is the concept of reentrancy?It is a very useful memory saving technique that is used for multi-programmed time sharing systems. It provides functionality that multiple users can share a single copy of program during the same period.It has two key aspects:The program code cannot modify itself.The local data for each user process must be stored separately.12) What is the difference between process and program?A program while running or executing is known as a process.13) What is the use of paging in operating system?Paging is used to solve the external fragmentation problem in operating system. This technique ensures that the data you need is available as quickly as possible.14) What is the concept of demand paging?Demand paging specifies that if an area of memory is not currently being used, it is swapped to disk to make room for an application's need.15) What is the advantage of a multiprocessor system?As many as processors are increased, you will get the considerable increment in throughput. It is cost effective also because they can share resources. So, the overall reliability increases.16) What is virtual memory?Virtual memory is a very useful memory management technique which enables processes to execute outside of memory. This technique is especially used when an executing program cannot fit in the physical memory.17) What is thrashing?Thrashing is a phenomenon in virtual memory scheme when the processor spends most of its time in swapping pages, rather than executing instructions.18) What are the four necessary and sufficient conditions behind the deadlock?These are the 4 conditions:1) Mutual Exclusion Condition: It specifies that the resources involved are non-sharable.2) Hold and Wait Condition: It specifies that there must be a process that is holding a resource already allocated to it while waiting for additional resource that are currently being held by other processes.3) No-Preemptive Condition: Resources cannot be taken away while they are being used by processes.4) Circular Wait Condition: It is an explanation of the second condition. It specifies that the processes in the system form a circular list or a chain where each process in the chain is waiting for a resource held by next process in the chain.19) What is a thread?A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization. It consists of a thread ID, program counter, register set and a stack.20) What is FCFS?FCFS stands for First Come, First Served. It is a type of scheduling algorithm. In this scheme, if a process requests the CPU first, it is allocated to the CPU first. Its implementation is managed by a FIFO queue.21) What is SMP?SMP stands for Symmetric MultiProcessing. It is the most common type of multiple processor system. In SMP, each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system, and these copies communicate with one another when required.22) What is RAID? What are the different RAID levels?RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. It is used to store the same data redundantly to improve the overall performance.Following are the different RAID levels:RAID 0 - Stripped Disk Array without fault toleranceRAID 1 - Mirroring and duplexingRAID 2 - Memory-style error-correcting codesRAID 3 - Bit-interleaved ParityRAID 4 - Block-interleaved ParityRAID 5 - Block-interleaved distributed ParityRAID 6 - P+Q Redundancy23) What is deadlock? Explain.Deadlock is a specific situation or condition where two processes are waiting for each other to complete so that they can start. But this situation causes hang for both of them.24) Which are the necessary conditions to achieve a deadlock?There are 4 necessary conditions to achieve a deadlock:Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource must be held in a non-sharable mode. If any other process requests this resource, then that process must wait for the resource to be released.Hold and Wait: A process must be simultaneously holding at least one resource and waiting for at least one resource that is currently being held by some other process.No preemption: Once a process is holding a resource ( i.e. once its request has been granted ), then that resource cannot be taken away from that process until the process voluntarily releases it.Circular Wait: A set of processes { P0, P1, P2, . . ., PN } must exist such that every P[ i ] is waiting for P[ ( i + 1 ) % ( N + 1 ) ].Note: This condition implies the hold-and-wait condition, but it is easier to deal with the conditions if the four are considered separately.25) What is Banker's algorithm?Banker's algorithm is used to avoid deadlock. It is the one of deadlock-avoidance method. It is named as Banker's algorithm on the banking system where bank never allocates available cash in such a manner that it can no longer satisfy the requirements of all of its customers.26) What is the difference between logical address space and physical address space?Logical address space specifies the address that is generated by CPU. On the other hand physical address space specifies the address that is seen by the memory unit.27) What is fragmentation?Fragmentation is a phenomenon of memory wastage. It reduces the capacity and performance because space is used inefficiently.28) How many types of fragmentation occur in Operating System?There are two types of fragmentation:Internal fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with the systems that have fixed size allocation units.External fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with systems that have variable-size allocation units.29) What is spooling?Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily gathered to be used and executed by a device, program or the system. It is associated with printing. When different applications send output to the printer at the same time, spooling keeps these all jobs into a disk file and queues them accordingly to the printer.30) What is the difference between internal commands and external commands?Internal commands are the built-in part of the operating system while external commands are the separate file programs that are stored in a separate folder or directory.31) What is semaphore?Semaphore is a protected variable or abstract data type that is used to lock the resource being used. The value of the semaphore indicates the status of a common resource.There are two types of semaphore:Binary semaphoresCounting semaphores32) What is a binary Semaphore?Binary semaphore takes only 0 and 1 as value and used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes.33) What is Belady's Anomaly?Belady's Anomaly is also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns.34) What is starvation in Operating System?Starvation is Resource management problem. In this problem, a waiting process does not get the resources it needs for a long time because the resources are being allocated to other processes.35) What is aging in Operating System?Aging is a technique used to avoid the starvation in resource scheduling system.36) What are the advantages of multithreaded programming?A list of advantages of multithreaded programming:Enhance the responsiveness to the users.Resource sharing within the process.EconomicalCompletely utilize the multiprocessing architecture.37) What is the difference between logical and physical address space?Logical address specifies the address which is generated by the CPU whereas physical address specifies to the address which is seen by the memory unit.After fragmentation38) What are overlays?Overlays makes a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it. It ensures that only important instructions and data at any given time are kept in memory.39) When does trashing occur?Thrashing specifies an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it is spending more time paging instead of executing.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
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There are given top frequently asked MS Excel interview questions and answers that has been asked in many companies. Let's see the list of top Excel interview questions.1) What is Microsoft Excel?Microsoft Excel is an electronic worksheet or spreadsheet application which is used for organizing, storing, and manipulating and analyzing data. It is developed by Microsoft.2) What are cells?The area where data is stored is known as cell.3) Does each cell have unique address?Yes, each cell has a unique address depends on the row and column value of the cell.Play Videox4) How can you add cells, rows or columns in Excel?If you want to add a cell, row or column in Excel, right click the cell you want to add to and after that select insert from the cell menu. The insert menu makes you able to add a cell, a column or a row and to shift the cells affected by the additional cell right or down.5) How would you format a cell? What are the options?A cell can be formatted by using the format cells options. There are 6 format cells options:NumberAlignmentFontBorderFillProtection6) What is the use of comment? How to add comments to a cell?Comments are used for a lot of reasons:Comments are used to clarify the purpose of the cells.Comments are used to clarify a formula used in the cell.Comments are used to leave notes for others users about a cell.To add a comment: Right click the cell and choose insert comment from the cell menu. Type your comment.7) What does the red triangle indicate at the top right hand corner of the cell?The red triangle at the top right hand corner of a cell indicates that there is a comment linked to the particular cell. If you put your cursor on it, it will show the comment.8) How would you add comments to a cell?To add a comment to a cell, you right click the cell and choose insert comment from the cell menu. Type your comment in the comment area provided. A red triangle at the top right hand corner of a cell indicates that there is a comment linked to that particular cell. To remove a comment from a cell, right lick the cell and then select delete comment from the cell menu.9) What are charts in MS Excel?Charts are used to enable graphical representation of the data in Excel. A user can use any chart type, including column, bar, line, pie, scatter, etc. by selecting an option from Insert tab?s Chart group.10) What is Freeze Panes in MS-Excel?Freeze Panes are used to lock any row or column. The locked row or column will be visible on the screen even after we scroll the sheet vertically or horizontally.11) Which are the different workbook protection types in Excel?There are three ways to protect a workbook in Excel:Password protection for opening a workbookProtection for adding, deleting, hiding and unhiding sheetsProtection from changing size or position of windows.12) What is the difference among COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF and COUNTBLANK in Ms-Excel?COUNT is used to count cells containing numbers, dates, etc. any value stored as number excluding blanks.COUNTA or Count All is used to count any cell value containing numbers, text, logical values, etc. any type of value excluding blanks.COUNTBLANK count blank cells or cells with an empty string.COUNTIF and COUNTIFS count cells matching a certain criteria.13) What is Ribbon?The ribbon specifies an area which runs along the top of the application and contains menu items and toolbars available in Excel. The ribbon has various tabs that contain groups of commands for use in the application.14) Is it possible to hide or show the ribbon?You can hide or show (minimize or maximize) the ribbon by pressing CNTRL F1.15) How to prevent someone from copying the cell from your worksheet?If you want to protect your worksheet from being copied, go into Menu bar > Review > Protect sheet > Password.By entering password you can prevent your worksheet from getting copied.16) How to sum up the rows and column number quickly in the Excel sheet?The SUM function is used to get the total sum of the rows and columns, in an excel worksheet.17) How can you resize the column?There are two ways to resize a column:To change the width of one column, drag the boundary on the right side of the column until you find your desirable width.Select the Format from the home tab, and in Format, select the AUTOFIT COLUMN WIDTH under cell section. Click on this to change the cell size.18) What are the several report formats in Excel?There are three report formats in Excel:CompactReportTabular19) Is it possible to make Pivot table using multiple sources of data?If the multiple sources are different worksheets from the same workbook, then you can use these multiple sources of data to make Pivot table.20) How can you check whether the Pivot table is modified or not?To check whether the Pivot table is modified or not, you should use the "PivotTableUpdate" in worksheet containing the pivot table.21) What does the IF function in Excel?IF function is used in Excel to check whether certain conditions are true or false. If the condition is true then it will give the result accordingly and if the condition is false the result or output will be different.22) What filter should we use, if you want more than two conditions or if you want to analyze the list using database function?You should use "Advanced Criteria Filter" to analyze the list or test more than two conditions.23) What are the advantages of using formula in Excel sheet?Formula makes it easy to calculate the numbers in Excel sheet. It also calculates automatically the number replaced by another number or digit. It is used to make complex calculations easy.24) What is the order of sequence of operating mathematical operation in Excel?The order of sequence is written as BEDMAS:BracketsExponentsDivisionMultiplicationAdditionSubtraction25) What is the use of LOOK UP function in MS Excel?The LOOK UP function is used to return a value from an array.26) What is a Macro in Excel? How to create an Excel Macro?Excel Macro is the set of instructions that is recorded by users for repetition purposes. It is created by the users for repetitive instructions and functions they perform on a regular basis.How would you reduce the file size? What is the easiest way to reduce the file size?You can use the following steps to reduce the file size:Find the last cell that contains data in the sheet. Delete all rows and columns after this cell.To delete the rows, press the key Shift+Space then press Ctrl+Shift+Down on your keyboard.Rows will get selected till the last row. Press Ctrl+- on the keyboard to delete the blank rows.To delete the column, Press the key Ctrl+Space then press Ctrl+Shift+Right Arrow key on your keyboard.Columns will get selected till the last row.Press Ctrl+- on the keyboard to delete the blank columns.27) How many rows and columns are there in Microsoft Excel 2003 and later versions?You can see the number of columns, rows, cells for Microsoft Excel version 2003 and later versions in the following table:Excel VersionsRowsColumnsTotal CellsMS Excel 20036553625616777216MS Excel 200710485761638417179869184MS Excel 201010485761638417179869184MS Excel 20131048576163841717986918428) What is the syntax of Vlookup?Vlookup Syntax:VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,[range_lookup]) 29) Is it possible to make pivot table using multiple sources of data?Yes. It is possible by using data modeling technique.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
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A list of frequently asked SEO interview questions and answers is given below.1) How can you define SEO?SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization. It is a process of increasing the number of visitors to a website. It enhances the visibility of a web page and increases the quantity and quality of traffic to a website so that it could appear at the top of search engine result pages.It optimizes the websites for search engines and thus helps it achieve higher ranking in search engine result pages when users use keywords related to their products or services. Therefore, it improves the quality as well as the quantity of traffic to a website through organic search engine results. Some of the basic activities involved in an SEO process are as follows:2) Who does SEO?They are called SEO executives, Webmasters, Websites optimizers, Digital marketing experts, etc.Play VideoxSEO executive: He is responsible for increasing the number of visitors or traffic to a website using various SEO tools and strategies.SEO/SMO analyst: He is responsible for planning and implementing SEO and social media strategies for the clients. He is supposed to quickly understand and support initiatives to achieve the objectives and goals of the client campaigns.Webmaster: He is responsible for maintaining one or more websites. He ensures that the web servers, software, and hardware are working smoothly.Digital Marketing Expert: He is responsible for planning and executing digital marketing programs to promote the brand or increase the sales of the products and services of the clients.3) What are the basic tools required for SEO?Google webmaster tools, Google Analytics, Open site explorer, Alexa, Website grader are some of the free and basic tools which are commonly used for SEO. However, there are also many paid tools like Seo Moz, spydermate, bulkdachecker, readily available in the market.Google webmaster tools: It is one of the most useful SEO tools. It is designed for the webmasters. It helps webmasters communicate with Google and evaluate and maintain their website's performance in search engine results. Using webmaster, one can identify the issues related to a website such as crawling errors, malware issues, etc. It is a free service offered by Google, anyone who has a site can use it.Google analytics: It is a free Web analytics service offered by Google. It is designed to provide analytical and statistical tools for SEO and digital marketing. It enables you to analyze website traffic and other activities that take place on your website. Anyone who has a Google account can use this service.Open site explorer: It is a Mozscape index-powered workhorse which is designed to research backlinks, find link-building opportunities and find out links that may impact rank badly.Alexa: It is a global ranking system that compiles a list of most popular websites based on the web traffic data and accordingly provides Alexa Rank to a website. The lower the Alexa rank, the more popular a website, e.g., a site with rank 150 will have more visitors than a site with rank 160.Website grader: It is a free online tool designed to grade a website against some critical metrics like performance, SEO, security and mobile readiness.Some Paid SEO Tools:SEOMoz: It is a premium SEO web application designed for SEO. It provides analytics and insights to improve your search engine rankings. It is a collection of various SEO tools that cover all vital areas of SEO.Spyder Mate: This software allows you to improve the ranking of your website as well as offers various methods to promote a website. It enables you to manage your web portal to attract more and more traffic to your site.Bulkdachecker: It is used to check the Domain Authority of Multiple Websites simultaneously.4) Define ON page and Off page SEO?On page SEO: It means to optimize your website and make some changes in the title, meta tags, structure, robots.txt, etc. It involves optimizing individual web pages and thus improves the ranking and attracts more relevant traffic to your site. It this type of SEO, one can optimize both the content and the HTML source code of a page.Main aspects of On page SEO are:Page Title: It should be relevant, unique and should include your main keywords.Meta Descriptions: There should be a Meta description for each webpage, and it must contain relevant keywords for your content.Meta Tags: You can add a set of keywords as Meta tags for each of your page.URL Structure: You can include search engine friendly URLs for your webpage as it improves crawling. In SEO, shorter URLs containing targeted keywords usually perform better.Body Tags (H1, H2, H3, H4, etc.): You can use body tags to break up your content into paragraphs to make it easier to read.Keyword Density: You should include relevant keywords in your content but avoid excessively repeating or overusing keywords.Image: You can use relevant images within your content to make your page visually more appealing and thus can improve the SEO of your site.Internal Linking: You can place links to your other web pages to enhance your website. It enhances navigation and crawling.Off page SEO: It means optimizing your websites through backlinks, social media promotion, blog submission, press releases submission, etc.Main aspects of Off page SEO are:Social Networking Sites: There are many social networking sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc., where you can create your business page and perform similar tasks to improve the SEO of your site.Blogging: You can write a blog for your website, product or service and submit it to niche blog directories, and blog search engines.Forum Marketing: You can find online forums related to your site and interact with them by replying to threads, answering questions, offering advice and more.Social Bookmarking: You can submit your blog posts and pages to the relevant and popular bookmarking sites like Digg, Delicious, Reddit, etc.Link building: You can build external links to your site to bypass your competitors and improve your rank.Press Release Submission: You can distribute your press release across various media to get authority backlinks and convey information to the public. It can bring your site on the first page for your keywords.5) What is the difference between On Page SEO and Off Page SEO?In On Page SEO, optimization is done on the website that involves making changes in the title tag, meta tags, site structure, site content, solving canonicalization problem, managing robots.txt, etc. Whereas, in off page SEO, the primary focus is on building backlinks and social media promotion.On page SEO techniques:It mainly involves optimizing the page elements such as:Page TitlePage descriptionCanonical URLOpen Graph TagsPage Headers and Sub-HeadersParagraph TextAlt Image TagsInternal and External LinksOff page SEO techniques:It mainly focuses on the following methods:Link BuildingBloggingSocial MediaPress Release Submission6) Tell the names of some Off page SEO techniques?There are several Off page SEO techniques such as:Directory Submission: You can submit your site to a particular category of a web directory, e.g., if you are offering online tutorials, you should submit your site to the education category of a web directory. It will help you build more backlinks.Social Bookmarking: It enables you to store your links on bookmarking sites. These links serve as backlinks and thus helps improve the SEO of your website.RSS (Really Simple Syndication) Submission: It allows you to submit RSS feeds to RSS submission directory sites to improve SEO of your site.Article Posting: It enables you to submit articles to popular article submission directories. It gives you backlinks and improves the page-rank of your website or blog. You are required to submit articles in relevant categories for better results.Blog Posting: It allows you to post blogs and thus you can offer fresh content to your users on a regular basis. Blogs help convert prospects into actual customers.Press Release Submission: You can write a press release about new events, products, and services of your company and submit it to PR sites.Forum Posting: It enables you to build quality inbound links by participating in online discussion forums.7) What is Google?It is an American multinational company which specializes in Internet-based products and services. Its services include a search engine, online advertising, cloud computing, software and more.8) Who invented the Google?It is co-founded in 1998 by Larry Page, an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur, and Sergey Brin who is also an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur.9) What do you understand by a search engine?A search engine is a web-based software program that is developed to search and find information on the World Wide Web. It enables internet users to search the information via the World Wide Web (WWW). The user is required to enter keywords or phrases into the search engines and then search engine searches websites, web pages or documents containing the similar keywords and presents a list of web pages with same keywords in the search engine result pages.We can say that it generally answers the queries entered by the users in the form of a list of search results. So, it is a web-based tool that enables us to find information on the World Wide Web. Some of the popular search engines are Google, Bing, and Yahoo.10) What is a SERP (Search Engine Result Page)?A search engine result page is the list of results for a user's search query and is displayed by the search engine. It is displayed in a browser window when the users enter their search queries in the search field on a search engine page.The list of results generally contains a list of links to web pages that are ranked from the most popular to the least popular. Furthermore, the links also contain the title and a short description of their web pages. Furthermore, SERP not only provides the list of search results, but it may also include advertisements.11) How does a search engine work?To understand, how a search engine works, we can divide the work of search engines into three different stages: crawling, indexing, and retrieval.Crawling: It is performed by software robots called web spiders or web crawlers. Each search engine has its web spiders to perform crawling. In this step, the spiders visit websites or web pages and read them and follow the links to other web pages of the site. Thus by crawling, they can find out what is published on the World Wide Web. Once the crawler visits a page, it makes a copy of that page and adds its URL to the index.The web spider generally starts crawling with heavily used servers and popular web pages. It follows the route determined by the link structure and finds new interconnected documents through new links. It also revisits the previous sites to check for the changes or updates in the web pages. If changes are found, it makes a copy of the changes to update the index.Indexing: It involves building an index after crawling all websites or web pages found on the World Wide Web. An index of the crawled sites is made based on the type and quality of information provided by them and stored in huge storage facilities. It is like a book that contains a copy of each webpage crawled by the spider. Thus, it collects and organizes the information from all over the internet.Retrieval: In this step, the search engine responds to the search queries made by the users by providing a list of websites with relevant answers or information in a particular order. It keeps the relevant websites, which offer unique and original information, on the top of the search engine result pages. So, whenever, a user performs an online search, the search engine searches its database for the websites or web pages with relevant information and make a list of these sites based on their relevancy and present this list to the users on the search engine result pages.12) What is the usage of an anchor tag in SEO?The anchor tag is used to make click-able text written on a hyperlink, i.e., it is a clickable text in a hyperlink. It enhances the user experience as it takes the users directly to a specific area of a webpage. They are not required to scroll down the information to find a particular section. So, it is a way to improve navigation.It also enables webmasters to keep things in order as there is no need of creating different web pages or splitting up a document. Google also sends users to a specific part of your page using this tag. You can attach anchor tag to a word or a phrase. It takes the reader down to a different section of the page instead of another page. When you use this tag, you create a unique URL on the same page.13) What are some techniques of Black Hat SEO?Keyword Stuffing: The search engines study the keywords included in a webpage to index the webpage or a site. So, some people increase the keyword density in their web pages to get a higher ranking. Keywords should be 2 to 4 % of the total world count, increasing keyword density beyond this is known as black hat SEO as it is against the SEO guidelines of Google.Cloaking: In this technique, the web pages are coded are in such a way that visitors see different content in a webpage and search engines see different content on the same webpage. Increasing ranking in this way is also against the guidelines of search engine.Doorway pages: These pages are rich in keywords and do not have quality content and relevant information. They redirect users to a different page to increase the ranking of that page. It is also against the guidelines of Google.Hidden Text: It is the text that can be viewed by the search engine, but visitors cannot view. It is used to include irrelevant keywords and hide text or links to increase the keyword density and improve the internal link structure.Article Spinning: It refers to rewriting an article multiple times to produce its different copies in such a way that each copy looks different from other copies and is treated as a new article.Duplicate Content: It is the content that is copied from one site and uploaded to another site. It is known as plagiarism.14) Which type of website is good for SEO purpose?A website made on flash. orA website made on HTML 5.The content presented in a flash website is hard to parse by search engines, so, it is always preferred to build a website in HTML for better SEO prospective.15) Which are the most important areas to include your keyword for the SEO purpose?Page title, H1, Body text or content, Meta title, Meta description, Anchor links and Image Alt Tags are some of the most important areas where we can include our keywords for the SEO purpose.16) What is webmaster tool in SEO?A webmaster is a free service by Google which provides free Indexing data, backlinks information, crawl errors, search queries, CTR, website malware errors and submits the XML sitemap. It is a collection of SEO tools that allow you to control your site in Google as well as allows Google to communicate with webmasters. For example, if anything goes wrong like crawling mistakes, plenty of 404 pages, manual penalties, and malware identified, Google will speak to you through this tool. If you use GWT, you don't need to use some other costlier tools. So, it is a free toolset that helps you understand what is going on with your site by providing useful information about your site.17) What do you mean by Spider?Many search engines use programs called spiders to index websites. The spiders are also known as crawlers or robots. They act as automatic date searching tools that visit every site to find new or updated web pages and links. This process is called web crawling. Spiders follow hyperlinks and gather textual and meta information for the search engine databases. They collect as much information as they can before relaying to the server of the search engine.Spiders may also rate the content being indexed to help the search engine determine relevancy levels to a search. They are called spiders as they visit many sites simultaneously, i.e. their legs keep spanning a large area of the web. All search engines use spiders to revise and build their indexes.18) What are Meta Tags?Meta tags are the HTML tags that are used to provide information about the content of a webpage. They are the basic elements of SEO. Meta tags are incorporated in the "head" section of HTML, e.g. Meta tags are placed here.The Meta tags are of three types. Each tag provides specific information about the content of the page. For example:Title Tag: It is the most important of all the Meta tags. It tells search engines about the title your webpage, and it is displayed in search engine listings above the URL of your webpage or website. For example: Title textDescription Meta tag: The summary of your site or webpage is incorporated in this tag. It enables the search engine to display a brief description of your page in the SERPs. Through this tag, you tell users what your site is all about and what you are offering. For example: Keywords Meta tag: In this tag, you place all of your main keywords and phrases that describe the content of your webpage. For example: 19) Why is the title tag valuable?A title tag is an HTML element that is used to specify the title of a page. It is displayed on search engine result pages as a clickable heading just above the URL and at the top of the browser.In SEO, the title tag is significant. It is highly recommended to include a unique and relevant title that correctly describes the content of a webpage or a website. Thus, it tells the users and search engines about the nature or type of information contained in your webpage.An ideal title should be between 50 and 60 characters long. You can also place your primary keywords at the start of your title and put the least important keywords at the end. It is the first thing that a search engine analyzes before ranking your webpage.20) Does Google use the keyword meta tags?No, Google does not use the keyword meta tags in web search rankings. It is believed that Google ignores the meta tags keywords due to their misuse.21) What is cloaking?Cloaking is a black hat SEO technique that enables you to create two different pages. One page is designed for the users, and the other is created for the search engine crawlers. It is used to present different information to the user than what is presented to the crawlers. Cloaking is against the guidelines of Google, as it provides users with different information than they expected. So, it should not be used to improve the SEO of your site.Some Examples of Cloaking:Presenting a page of HTML text to search engines and showing a page of images or flash to visitorsIncluding text or keywords into a page only when it is requested by the search engine, not by a human visitor22) Is HTML case-sensitive or case-insensitive?HTML is a case-insensitive language because uppercase or lowercase does not matter in this language and you can write your code in any case. However, HTML coding is generally written in lower case.23) What is the difference between SEO and SEM?SEO: It is a process of increasing the online visibility, organic (free) traffic or visitors to a website. It is all about optimizing your website to achieve higher rankings in the search result pages. It is a part of SEM, and it gives you only the organic traffic.Two types:On-Page SEO: It deals with the optimization of a website for maximum visibility in the search engines.Off-Page SEO: It deals with gaining natural backlinks from other websites.SEM: It stands for search engine marketing. It involves purchasing space on the search engine result page. It goes beyond SEO and involves various methods that can get you more traffic like PPC advertising. It is a part of your overall internet marketing strategy. The traffic generated through SEM is considered the most important as it is targeted.SEM includes both SEO and paid search. It generally makes use of paid searches such as pay per click (PPC) listings and advertisements. Search ad networks generally follow pay-per-click (PPC) payment structure. It means you only pay when a visitor clicks on your advertisement.24) What are the tools used in SEO?Google webmaster tools: Google webmaster tool is a free SEO tool offered by Google. It is a set of SEO tools that allow you to control your website. It informs you if anything goes wrong with your website like crawling mistakes, plenty of 404 pages, malware issues, manual penalties, etc. In other words, Google communicates with webmasters through this tool. You also do not need to use most of the expensive SEO tools if you are using this tool.Google Analytics: It is a freemium web analytics service offered by Google. It provides the detailed statistics of the website traffic. It was introduced in November 2005 to track and report website traffic. It is a set of statistics and analytical tools that monitor the performance of your site. It tells you about your visitors and their activities, dwell-time metrics, search terms or incoming keywords and more.Open site explorer: This tool provides stats such as overall link counts and the count of domains that are linked to a URL including the anchor text distribution.Alexa: It is a ranking system that ranks the websites by web traffic data. The lower the Alexa rank, the more will be the traffic.Website grader: It is a free SEO tool that grades the websites on some key metrics such as security, mobile readiness, performance, and SEO.Google Keyword Planner: This tool of Google comes with many features. It gives you an estimation of traffic for your target keywords and suggests keywords with high traffic. Thus, you can shortlist the relevant keywords from the list of keywords offered by this tool.Plagiarism Checker: There are various tools to check the plagiarized content such as smallseotools.com, plagiarisma.net and more. Using these tools, you can avoid duplicate content and upload the unique or original content on your site.25) What are the limitations of the title and description tags?The title tag should be between 66-70 characters as the Google generally displays the first 50to 60 characters of the title tag. So, if your title is under 60 characters, there are more chances that your title is displayed properly. Similarly, the Meta description tag should be between 160-170 characters as the search engines tend to truncate descriptions longer than 160 characters.26) What methods should you use to decrease the loading time of a website?We should follow the following instructions to decrease the loading time of a website:Optimize images: You can optimize images and decrease the file size without affecting the quality of that image. You can use the external picture tools to resize your images such as the Photoshop, picresize.com and more. Furthermore, use fewer images (avoid them unless necessary).Use browser caching: Caching involves temporary storages of web pages that helps reduce bandwidth and improve performance. When a visitor visits your site, the cached version is presented that saves the server's time and loads pages faster. So, use browser caching to make the process easier and faster for your repeat visitors.Use content delivery network: It allows you to distribute your site across several servers in different geographical areas. When visitors request to visit your site, they will get the data from the server closest to them. The closer a server, the more quickly it loads.Avoid self-hosted videos: Video files are usually large, so if you upload them to your web pages it can increase their loading time. You can use other video services like Youtube, Vimeo, etc.Use CSS sprites to reduce HTTP request: It allows you to combine some images within a single image file by implementing CSS positioning of background. It helps you to save your server bandwidth and thus loading time of the webpage decreases gradually.27) Which tool should be preferred between Webmaster and Analytics?Webmaster tool should be preferred over Analytics tool because it includes almost all essential tools as well as some analytics data for the search engine optimization. But now due to the inclusion of webmaster data in Analytics, we would like to have access to Analytics.28) What is the main usage of search engine spiders?A spider is a program used by search engines to index websites. It is also called a crawler or search engine robot. The main usage of search engine spiders is to index sites. It visits the websites and read their pages and creates entries for the search engine index. They act as data searching tools that visit websites to find new or updated content or pages and links.Spiders do not monitor sites for unethical activities. They are called spiders as they visit many sites simultaneously, i.e., they keep spanning a large area of the web. All search engines use spiders to build and update their indexes.29) When is reinclusion applied in a search engine's index?If your website is banned by the search engines for using black hat practices and you have corrected the wrongdoings, you can apply for reinclusion. So, it is a process in which you ask the search engine to re-index your site that was penalized for using black hat SEO techniques. Google, Yahoo, and other search engines offer tools where webmasters can submit their site for reinclusion.30) What is robot.txt?Robots.txt is a text file that gives instructions to the search engine crawlers about the indexing of a webpage, domain, directory or a file of a website. It is generally used to tell spiders about the pages that you don't want to be crawled. It is not mandatory for search engines, yet search engine spiders follow the instructions of the robots.txt.The location of this file is very significant. It must be located in the main directory otherwise the spiders will not be able to find it as they do not search the whole site for a file named robots.txt. They only check the main directory for these files, and if they don't find the files in the main directory, they assume that the site does not have any robots.txt file and index the whole site.31) What is keyword proximity?Keyword proximity refers to the distance between the keywords, i.e., it tells how close keywords are to each other in a phrase or body of text. It is used to measure the distance between two keywords in the text. It is used by some search engines to measure the relevancy of a given page to the search request. It specifies that the closer the two keywords in a phrase or a search term, the more relevant will be the phrase. For example, see the keywords "Delhi Digital Photographer" in the search term "Delhi Photographer Ram Kumar specialized in digital photography." The proximity between Delhi and Photographer is excellent, but between the "Photographer" and "digital" proximity is not good as there are four words between them. So, a search term's keywords should be as close to each other as possible.32) What is an URL?URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator (URL). It is the web address of an online resource like a website, webpage or a document on the internet. It tells the location and name of the resource as well as the protocol used to access it, i.e., it locates an existing resource on the internet. A URL may contain as many as six parts, and cannot have less than two parts. For example, http://www.example.com, in this URL we have two parts: a protocol (http) and a domain (www.example.com).A URL for HTTP or HTTPS generally comprises three or four components, such as:Protocol: It is used to access the resource on the internet. It can be HTTP, without SSL or HTTPS with SSL. It is connected to the domain name, and the domain name is further connected to the file path.Domain name: It is a unique name that identifies a website on the internet. For example, "javatpoint.com". It always includes a top-level domain (TLD) which is ".com" in this example.Port: It is a port number, which is usually not visible in a URL, but it is always required. When visible, it comes after the TLD, separated by a colon.Path: It is a file or directory on the web server, e.g. "/seo-interview-question" in the URL https://www.javatpoint.com/seo-interview-questionsis a path.33) How are the words in a URL separated?We use hyphens to separates the words in a URL. See the image:34) What is a domain name?A domain name is the name of your website. It identifies one or more IP addresses, e.g., the IP address of domain name "google.com" is "74.125.127.147". Domain names are developed as it is easy to remember a name rather than a long string of numbers.A domain is displayed on the address bar of the web browser and may consist of any combination of letters and numbers and can be used with various domain name extensions such as .com, .net and more. Domain name is always unique, i.e., no two websites can have the same domain name.35) What is a TLD?A TLD is the last part of an Internet address. For example, in xyz.com the TLD is .com.36) What is ccTLD?A ccTLD is a country code top-level domain extension that is assigned to a country. It is based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes, which means it can have only two characters, e.g., .us for the United States, .au for Australia, .in for India. So these domain extensions are reserved for countries. See the image given below:37) What is an internal link?An internal link is a URL link placed on your website that points to your another webpage. It is different from an external link which leads to another website. Internal links are very useful regarding SEO as they:Provide site structure: The internal links of a website helps search engines to crawl and index your website. Search engine crawlers or robots use internal links to evaluate your website and are better informed while ranking your website on search engine result pages.Enhance user experience: The internal links in product pages, blog posts, contact us forms, etc., enhance users' website experience. Furthermore, these links can be used to take prospects to your core pages to convert them into customers.Minimize bounce rate: The internal links keeps visitors on your website for longer and thus helps reduce bounce rate and increases the likelihood of them buying your products or services.38) Why are backlinks important?The backlinks are an indication of the popularity of a website. They are important for SEO as most of the search engines like Google give more value to websites that have a large number of quality backlinks, i.e., a site with more backlinks is considered more relevant than a site with fewer backlinks.The backlinks should be relevant which means they should come from the sites that have content related to your site or pages otherwise the links if they are coming from sites that have different content, will be treated as irrelevant backlinks by the Search Engine. For example, there is a website about how to rescue orphaned dogs, and it receives a backlink from a website about dog care essentials then this would be a relevant backlink in a search engine assessment than a like from site about automobiles.39) What is the difference between an inbound link and an outbound link in SEO?An inbound link, which is also known as a backlink, is the incoming link to your site from an external source. It comes from an external site to your site. Whereas, outbound link is a link that starts from your site and points to another website. For example, if xyz.com links to your domain, this link from xyz.com is an inbound or backlink for your domain. However, it is an outbound link for xyz.com. See the image given below:40) What is link popularity?Link popularity refers to the number of backlinks that point towards a website. The backlinks can be of two types: internal and external links. The links to a website from its pages are called internal links and the links from outside sources or other websites are called external links.The high link popularity indicates that more people are connected to your site, and it has relevant information. Most of the search engines use link popularity in its algorithm while ranking websites in the SERPs. For example, if two websites have the same level of SEO, the site with higher link popularity will be higher than another site by the search engine.41) What are contextual backlinks?Contextual backlinks are the links to external websites that are placed within the content of a web page, i.e., they are part of the content of a page. They are generally built from high authority web pages. These links can be used to build your keyword ranking higher in Search Engines and to increase the domain trust online. See the image:42) What do you understand by crawling?Crawling refers to an automated process that enables search engines to visit web pages and gather URLs for indexing. When the crawler visits a page, it makes a copy of that page and adds its URL to the index which is called indexing. The search engines have software robots, which are known as web spiders or web crawlers, for crawling.The crawler not only reads the pages but also follows the internal and external links. Thus, they can find out what is published on the World Wide Web. The crawlers also revisit the previous sites to check for the changes or updates in their web pages. If changes are found, it updates the index accordingly.43) What is indexing?Indexing starts after crawling. It is a process of building an index by adding URLs of web pages crawled by the crawlers. An index is a place where all the data that has been crawled is stored, i.e., it is like a huge book with a copy of each page that is crawled. Whenever users enter search queries, it is the index that provides the results for search queries within seconds. Without an index, it won't be possible for a search engine to render search results so fast.So, the index is made of URLs of different web pages visited by the crawler. The information contained in the web pages is provided by the search engines to users for their queries. If a page is not added to the index, it can't be viewed by the users.44) What is the World Wide Web?The World Wide Web is a like a huge book whose pages are located on multiple servers present throughout the world. These web pages contain information and are connected by links called "hypertext." In a book, we move from one page to another in a sequence, but in World Wide Web, we have to follow hypertext links to visit the desired page.So, it is a network of internet servers containing information in the form of web pages, audios, videos, etc. These web pages are formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP.World Wide Web was designed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. It is different from the internet which is a network connection used to access the World Wide Web.45) What is a website or what do you understand by a website?A website is a collection of interlinked web pages or formatted documents that share a single domain and can be accessed over the internet. It may contain only one page or tens of thousands of pages and can be created by an individual, group, or an organization, etc. It is identified by a domain name or web address. For example, when you type the web address over the internet, you will arrive at the home page of that website.46) What is a web page?A web page is what you see on the screen of a computer or mobile when you type a web address or click on a link or enter a query in a search engine like Google, Bing, etc. A web page typically contains information that may include text, graphics, images, animation, sound, video, etc. See the image given below:47) What is a web server?It is a computer program that is designed to serve or deliver the web pages to users in response to their queries or requests made by their computers or HTTP clients. In other words, it hosts websites on the internet. It uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve pages to computers that are connected to it. See the image given below for more clarification!48) What is Web Hosting?A service that provides space for websites or web pages on special computers called servers. A web hosting enables sites or web pages to be viewed on the internet by the internet users. When users type the website address (domain name) into their browser, their computers connect to the server, and your web pages are delivered to them through a browser.The websites are stored and hosted on special computers called servers. So, if you want users to see your website, you are required to publish it with a web hosting service. It is generally measured in terms of disc space you are allotted on the server and the bandwidth you require for accessing the server. While choosing a web hosting services one should evaluate the reliability and customer service of the service provider.49) What are organic results?Organic results refer to the listings of web pages on the SERPs that appear because of organic SEO such as relevance to the search term or keywords and free white hat SEO techniques. They are also known as free or natural results. The search engine marketing (SEM) is not involved in producing organic results. So, organic results are the natural way of getting top ranking in SERP. The main purpose of SEO is to get a higher ranking for a web page in organic results of the search engines.50) What are the paid results?Paid search results are the sponsored ads or links that appear on the SERPs. They are part of Search Engine Marketing in which you have to pay to place your websites or ads on the top of the result pages. The website owners who have a good budget and want results quickly generally pay to Google to display their websites on the top of the result pages for the specific search terms or keywords.51) What is a Canonical URL or Tag?Canonical URL, which is also known as a canonical tag, is an HTML element that is used to prevent duplicate content issues. This tag is used when multiple versions of the same page are available over the internet.It enables you to select the best URL as a canonical URL out of the several URLs of the multiple copies of a webpage. When you mark one version or copy as canonical version, the other versions are considered the variations of the canonical or original version by the search engine. Thus, it is used to resolve content duplication issues.In this image, we have marked the URL of the page "www.example.com/toys/cars/yellow "as canonical URL. So, Google will consider it the original page and the other two pages as its variations, not the duplicates.52) What is Meta description?Meta descriptions, which are also known as HTML attributes, provide brief information about the content of a web page. They act as preview snippets of the web pages and appear under the URL of your page in SERPs.A relevant and compelling meta description brings users from search engine result pages to your website, and thus it also improves the click-through rate (CTR) for your webpage.53) Tell the names of most important Google ranking factors?Quality ContentQuality BacklinksMobile Friendliness or OptimizationPage SpeedPageRank54) How does the Google ranking works?Google has many factors in its algorithm to rank the websites in SERPs. Using its algorithm, it finds the relevant results for the users' queries.Google keeps updating its ranking factors to give users the best experience and to put a check on black hat SEO techniques. So, Google displays results on the basis of ranking factors such as content, backlinks and mobile optimization.55) What is a Sitemap?A sitemap refers to the map of a website. It is the detailed structure of a site that includes different sections of your site with internal links.56) What is an HTML sitemap?An HTML sitemap is an HTML page that contains all the links of all the web pages of a website, i.e., it contains all formatted text files and linking tags of a website. It outlines the first and second level structure of a site so that users can easily find information on the site.Thus, it improves the navigation of websites with multiple web pages by listing all the web pages in one place in a user-friendly manner. The HTML sitemaps provide a strong foundation for all the web pages of a website and are primarily concerned with users.57) What is an XML sitemap?An XML sitemap is exclusively designed for the search engines. It facilitates the functionality of the search engines as it informs the search engines about the number of web pages, the frequency of their updates including the recent updates. This information helps search engine robots in indexing the website. See the image of the sitemap of a website:58) What do you mean by 301redirect?301 redirecting is a method of redirecting users and search engines from the old page URL to a new page URL. The 301 redirect is used to pass the link traffic from the old URL to the new URL. It is a permanent redirect from one URL to another site without typing the URL of the new site. It helps you maintain the domain authority and search rankings when the URL of a site is changed for any reason.Furthermore, it allows you to associate common web conventions with one URL to improve the domain authority; to rename or rebrand a site with a new URL; to direct traffic to a new website from other URLs of the same organization. So, you must set up a 301 redirect before moving to a new domain.59) What is a 404 error?A 404 error is an HTTP response status code which indicates that the requested page could not be found on the server. This error is generally displayed in the internet browser window just like web pages.60) What are the causes of HTTP 404 errors?HTTP 404 error is technically a client-side error which means it is your mistake, i.e., the requested page is not present in your website. If you had maintained that page in your site, it would have been indexed by the crawler and thus would have been present in the server. Furthermore, you also receive this error, when you mistype a URL or when a webpage or resource is moved without redirecting the old URL to the new one. So, whenever you move your webpage redirect the old URL to the new URL to avoid this error as it may affect the SEO of your site.61) What is error 503?The "503 Service Unavailable" error is an HTTP status code which indicates the server is not available right now to handle the request. It often occurs when the server is too busy or when maintenance is performed on it. Generally, it is a temporary state which is resolved shortly.62) What is the "500 internal server error"?The "500 internal server error" is a common error. It is an HTTP status code that indicates something is wrong with the websites' server, and the server is not able to identify the problem. This error is not specific as it can occur for different reasons. It is a server-side error which means the problem is with the website's server, not with your PC, browser or Internet connection.63) What is an Image Alt Text?Image Alt text is a feature which is added to an image tag in HTML. It appears in the blank image box when the image is not displayed due to slow connection, broken URL or any other reason.It provides information about the image to the search engines as they cannot see or interpret images. Thus, it enables you to optimize images or improve the SEO of your site.64) What is Google Analytics?Google analytics is a freemium web analytics service of Google that provides you the detailed statistics of the website traffic. It was introduced in November 2005 to track and report the website traffic. It offers you free tools to understand and analyze your customers and business in one place.It mainly comprises statistics and basic analytical tools capable of monitoring the performance of your site. It tells you various important things about your website like your visitors, their activity, dwell time metrics, incoming keywords or search-terms, etc.Thus, it helps you take the necessary steps to improve the SEO of your site and online marketing strategies. Anyone with a Google account can use this tool.The reports generated by Google analytics can be divided into four different types of analysis which are as follows;Audience AnalysisAcquisition AnalysisBehavior AnalysisConversion AnalysisAudience Analysis: It gives you an overview of your visitors. Some of the key benefits of this analysis are as follows;It tells you the age, race, gender of your visitors.You can find the location and language of visitors.You can identify the new visitors and returning visitors.You can identify browsers, operating system and the network of visitors.You can see Visitors' activity; the path they follow on your website.Acquisition Analysis: It helps you to identify the sources from where your website traffic comes. Some key benefits of this analysis are as follows;You can track traffic from a paid search such as AdWords.You can capture traffic from all channels including referrals.You can track social media traffic, hub activity and can follow-up bookmarking sites.You can identify from which plug-ins you are getting traffic.You can analyze and manage your campaigns.Behavior Analysis: It helps you monitor users' behavior. It offers you the following benefits;You can generate a content drilldown report which will give you a crucial perspective on site usage and information about landing and exit pages.You can measure page timings and user timings which will suggest you the ideal site speed.You will know how the users move across your site, what they normally search before arriving at a landing page.Conversion Analysis: Website conversion analysis is an important part of the SEO process. Every website has a particular goal such as to generate leads, to sell products or services, to increase targeted traffic. When the goal is achieved, it is known as conversion. Some major benefits of this analysis are as follow;It enables you to track conversions such as download, check out, buy, etc.You will know which of your products the users buy the most.You can generate multi-channel funnel reports from conversion paths.You can identify which module, platform, and strategy are best for your business.65) How do you know which pages are indexed by Google?We can check which pages of a website are indexed by Google in two different ways:The first method is to check the Google index status of the website through Google Webmaster tools. For this, you are required to add the website on the dashboard and verify the ownership then click on the tab "Index status". The webmaster tool will display the number of pages indexed by the Google.The second method involves a manual search on Google. In this method, you are required to type on Google search bar site:domainname.com. The indexed pages would reflect on the SERP.66) What is Google PageRank?PageRank is one of the important ranking factors that Google uses to rank the web pages on the basis of quality and quantity of links to the web pages. It determines a score of a webpage's importance and authority on a scale of 0 to 10. A webpage with more backlinks will have a higher PageRank than a webpage that has fewer backlinks. It was invented by Google's founders: Larry Page and Sergey Brin.Note: At present, Google is not using PageRank as a ranking factor or to rank a webpage.67) How would you increase the Page Rank of a page?The Page rank of your page indicates the performance of your page. The page rank of a page depends on many factors such as quality of content, SEO, backlinks and more. So, to increase the page rank of a website you have to focus on multiple factors, e.g., you have to provide unique and original content, build more backlinks from authority sites and web pages with high page rank and more.68) What is Domain Authority?The Domain Authority is a metric introduced by Moz. It is designed to rank a website on a scale of 1-100. The score "1" is considered the worst and the score "100" is considered the best. The higher the score or DA, the higher will be the ability to rank on search engine result pages. So, it is an important factor that defines how well your website will rank in search engines.69) Define BLOG?A blog is an information on the website that is regularly updated. Blogs are usually written by an individual or a small group of people. It is written in an informal or conversational style.It is like an online diary or a book located on a website. The content of a blog generally includes text, pictures, videos, etc. A blog may be written for personal use or sharing information with a specific group or to engage the public. Furthermore, the bloggers can set their blogs for private or public access.70) Which are the social media channels generally used for marketing?Some of the most used social media channels are:Blogging Platforms: Blogger, WordPress, Tumblr , Medium, Ghost, Squarespace, etc.Social bookmarking sites: Digg, Jumptags, Delicious, Dribble, Pocket, Reddit, Slashdot, StumbleUpon, etc.,Social networking sites: Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google+, Skype, Viber, Snapchat, Pinterest, Telegram, etc.Video Sharing sites: YouTube, Vimeo, Netflix, Metacafe, Liveleak, Ustream, etc.71) What is Directory Submission?Directory submission is an off-page SEO technique that helps improve the SEO of your site. It allows you to submit your site to a specific category of a web directory, e.g., if your website talks about heath, you are supposed to submit your site in the health category of a web directory.You are required to follow the guidelines of a web directory before submitting your site. Some of the popular directory submission sites are www.dmoz.org and www.seofriendly.com and www.directorylisting.com.72) What are the advantages of submitting sites to search directories?Submitting sites to a search directory is used to get backlinks to your website. It is one of the key methods to improve the SEO of a site. The more backlinks you get, the more is the probability that the search engine will index it sooner, compared to when it is not listed. Directory submission is mostly free.You can also enter a site title, which is different from the URL, containing your keywords. In this way, you can generate anchor text for your site. Furthermore, most of the search directories are ranked higher in the search engine result pages so if you submit your site to such directories, there will be more chances of your website receiving high page rank.73) What is Search Engine Submission?Search engine submission is an off page SEO technique. In this technique, a website is directly submitted to the search engine for indexing and thus to increase its online recognition and visibility. It is an initial step to promote a website and get search engine traffic. A website can be submitted in two ways: one page at a time or the entire site at a time using a webmaster tool.74) What is Press Release Submission?Press release submission is an off page SEO technique in which you write press releases and submit them to popular PR sites for building backlinks or to increase the online visibility of a website.A press release generally contains information about events, new products or services of the company. It should be keyword-optimized, factual and informative so that it could engage the readers.75) What is forum posting?Forum posting is an off page SEO technique. It involves generating quality backlinks by participating in online discussion forums of forum websites. In a forum posting, you can post a new thread as well as reply to old threads in forums to get quality backlinks to your site. Some of the popular forum websites are message boards, discussion groups, discussion forums, bulletin boards and more. So, forum websites are online discussion sites that allow you to participate in online discussion and interact with new users to promote your websites, web pages and more.76) What is the RSS feed?RSS feed submission is an off page SEO technique. It refers to the submission of RSS feeds to RSS submission directory sites to improve the SEO of your site. RSS stands for Rich Site Summary and is also known as Really Simple Syndication.An RSS feed generally contains updated web pages, videos, images, links and more. It is a format to deliver frequently changing web content. The users who find these updates interesting can subscribe your RSS feed to receive timely updates from their favorite websites. Thus, it helps increase traffic to your website.77) What is Guest Posting?Guest posting is an off page SEO technique in which you publish your article or post on another person's website or blog. In other words, when you are writing a post for your blog, then your post is a simply a post, but when you write a post on someone else's blog, then your post becomes a guest post and you a guest writer. So, guest posting is a practice of contributing a post to someone else's blog to build authority and links. See the basic steps involved in guest posting:78) What is the Google Algorithm?Google algorithm is a set of rules, codes or commands that enables Google to return search results relevant to the queries made by the users. It is the Google's algorithm that allows it to rank the websites on SERPs on the basis of quality and relevancy. The websites with quality content and relevant information tend to remain at the top of the SERPs.So, Google is a search engine that is based on a dynamic set of codes called algorithm to provide the most appropriate and relevant search results based on users' queries.79) What is Google Panda?Google Panda is a Google algorithm update. It was primarily introduced in 2011 to reward high-quality websites and diminish the low-quality websites in SERPs. It was initially called "Farmer."Panda addressed many issues in Google SERPs, such as:Thin ContentDuplicate ContentLow AuthorityContent FarmingHigh ad-to-content ratioLow-quality user-generated content (UGC)80) What is Mobilegeddon (Mobile-Friendly Update)?Mobilegeddon is a search engine ranking algorithm introduced by Google on 21 April 2015. It was designed to promote mobile-friendly pages in Google's mobile search results. It ranks the websites based on their mobile friendliness, i.e., the mobile-friendly sites are ranked higher than the sites that are not mobile friendly. After this algorithm update, mobile friendliness has become an important factor in ranking the websites in the SERPs.81) What is the Google Penalty?A Google penalty refers to the negative impact on the search rankings of a website. It can be automatic or manual, i.e., it may be due to an algorithm update or for using black hat SEO to improve the SEO of a site. If the penalty is manual, Google informs you about it through webmaster tool. However, if the penalty is automatic such as due to the algorithm you may not be informed. Google generally imposes the penalty in three different ways: Bans, Rank Demotion, and Temporary Rank Change.82) What are Google Sitelinks?Google Sitelinks are little sub-listings that generally appear under some search results in a SERP. Google adds Sitelinks only if it thinks they are useful for the user otherwise it will not show any Sitelinks. It uses its automated algorithms to shortlist and display Sitelinks. The four links under flipkart.com, in the image given below, are known as "Sitelinks."83) What is HTTPS/SSL Update?HTTPS, which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), is a protocol for secure communication on the World Wide Web. It uses SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) to add an extra layer of security to the standard HTTP connection, i.e., it is a secure version of HTTP. It encrypts all data or communication between the server and the browser.The websites which use HTTP protocol, the data is transmitted between the site server and the browser as plain text, so anyone who intercepts your connection can read this data. Earlier, only the websites that handle sensitive data like credit card information were using it, but now almost all sites prefer HTTPS over HTTP. An HTTPS connection provides the following benefits:Website AuthenticationData IntegrityData Encryption84) What is hidden text?Hidden text is one of the oldest black hat SEO techniques to improve the ranking of a site. The hidden text, which is also known as invisible or fake text, is the content that your visitors can't see but the search engine can read or see that content.Using hidden text to improve the ranking of a webpage is against the guidelines of search engines. The search engines can detect the hidden text in a webpage and treats it as spam and can ban your site temporarily or permanently. So it should be avoided by the SEOs.85) What is keyword density?Keyword density refers to the percentage of occurrence of a keyword in a webpage out of all the words on that page. For example, if a keyword appears four times in an article of 100 words, the keyword density would be 4%. It is also known as keyword frequency as it talks about the frequency of occurrence of a keyword in a page. There is no ideal or exact keyword density for better ranking. However, the keyword density of 2 to 4 % is considered suitable for SEO.86) What is keyword stuffing?Keyword stuffing refers to increasing the keyword density beyond a certain level to achieve higher ranking in the SERPs. As we know, web crawlers analyze keywords to index the web pages, so some SEO practitioners exploit this feature of the search engine by increasing the keywords in a page. This way of improving the ranking is against the guidelines of Google, so it is considered a black hat SEO technique, and it should be avoided.87) What is article spinning?It is a black hat SEO technique to improve the SEO of a website. In this technique, the SEO practitioners rewrite a single article to produce its multiple copies in such a way that each copy is treated as a new article. These articles have low quality, repetitive content. Such articles are frequently uploaded to the site to create the illusion of fresh articles.88) What are doorway pages?Doorway pages, which are also known as gateway pages, portal pages or entry pages, are created exclusively to improve ranking in the SERPs. They do not contain quality content, relevant information and have a lot of keywords and links. They are created to funnel visitors into the actual, usable or relevant portion of your site. A doorway page acts as a door between the users and your main page. Black hat SEO professionals use doorway pages to improve the ranking of a website for specific search queries or keywords.89) What is Disavow tool?The Disavow tool is a part of Google Search Console that was introduced in October 2012. It enables you to discount the value of a backlink in order to prevent link-based penalties. It also protects the site from bad links that may harm the website's reputation.Using this tool, you can tell Google that you don't want certain links to be considered to rank websites. Some sites who buy links may suffer the penalty if they don't get these links removed using Disavow tool. The low-quality backlinks, which you don't control, may harm your site's ranking. You can ask Google not to consider them when crawling and indexing your site.90) What is Fetch as Google?Fetch as Google is a tool of Google available in the Google webmaster tool. It is used for immediate indexing and to find out the issues with your web pages and website. You can also use it to see how Google crawls or renders a URL on your site. Furthermore, if you found technical errors such as "404 not found" or "500 website is not available", you can simply submit your page or website for a fresh crawl using this tool.91) What is the Robots Meta tag?Robot Meta tag is used to give instructions to the web spiders. It tells the search engine how to treat the content of a page. It is a piece of code which is incorporated in the "head" section of a webpage.Some of the main robots Meta tag values or parameters are as follows:FOLLOW: This tag instructs the crawler to follow the links on the page.NOFOLLOW: This tag instructs the crawler not to follow the links on the page.INDEX: This tag instructs the crawler to index the page.NOINDEX: This tag is used to instruct the search engine crawler not to index the page.92) What is the syntax of the Robots Meta tag?The syntax of a Robots Meta tag is very simple:In the syntax, you can add different values or parameters of robots meta tags as a placeholder as we have written: "instructions for the crawler" as a placeholder. Some commonly used values of robots meta tags include an index, follow, noindex, nofollow and more.93) What is the Google Knowledge Graph?Google Knowledge graph refers to a block of information that appears on the right side of the SERPs after entering a search query. It is launched by Google in 2012 and is also known as Knowledge Graph Card.It provides information systematically using images, content, graphs, etc. It creates interconnected search results to makes information more appealing, accurate, structured and relevant. So, it is an enhancement of the organic Google search results as it understands the facts about, people, places, objects, etc.94) What is Google Sandbox?Google Sandbox is an imaginary area which contains new and less authoritative sites for a specified period until they cannot be displayed in the search results. It is an alleged filter for the new websites. In simple words, we can say that it places new websites on probation and ranks them lower than expected in searches. It may be caused by building too many links within a short period of time.Any type of website can be placed in a sandbox. However, the new websites who want to rank for highly competitive keyword phrases are more prone to the sandbox. There is no fixed duration for a site to stay in the sandbox. Generally, a website can stay in the Sandbox for one to six months. The logic behind the sandbox is that new websites may be not as relevant as older sites.95) What is Google My business?Google My Business is a free tool of Google which is designed to help you create and manage their business listings on SERPs, i.e., to manage your online presence on Google. Using this tool, you can easily create and update your business listings such as you can:Update business name, address and hoursUpload your business's imagesManage and reply to customer reviewsGet custom insights like how customers are responding to your business onlineGet notifications when customers talk about your businessCan manage multiple locations from one dashboardCan invite others to manage your business listings96) What is an SEO audit?An SEO audit refers to a process that evaluates the search engine friendliness of a website. It grades a site for its ability to appear in SERPs, i.e., it is like a report card for your site's SEO.It helps you find issues with your site. You can resolve these issues to boost the ranking of your page or increase your sale. Furthermore, by doing SEO audit, you can do the followingSome SEO audit tools:WoornakSEOptimerRaven ToolsWebsite Grader97) What is AMP?AMP, which stands for Accelerated Mobile Pages, is an open source project that helps publishers to improve the speed and readability of their pages on mobile devices. It makes mobile pages easily readable and loading quicker for better user experience. This project was introduced jointly by Google, WordPress, Adobe and some other companies in 2015.98) What is Google's rich Answer Box?Google's rich Answer box is a short, rich featured snippet of relevant information that appears in the form of a box at the top of the SERPs. Google introduced this feature in 2015 to provide quick and easy answers to queries of users by featuring a snippet of information in a box at the top of the search engine result page. The rich answers may appear in different forms such as recipes, stock graphs, sports scores, etc. See the image given below:99) How would you optimize your content for Google's rich answer box?There are plenty of ways to optimize your content or site for Google's rich answer box. Some of the commonly used methods are as follows:Identify complex queries and questions: The answers to simple questions are available in abundance across the SERPs. So, find out complex queries related to your niche by using keywords tools such as Google AdWords, SEMRush and Wordstream and write content that specifically answers these questions.Engage readers: Your one answer should be suitable for all similar questions. Furthermore, customize your content to suit beginners in your field and use graphs, tables, and step-by-step answer formats to engage the readers.Provide Supplemental Information: The users tend to read or follow related questions, so you can answers some similar questions down the page as supplemental information.Enhance User Experience: Keep your website well structured and formatted and optimized for mobiles to improve your users' website experience.Select User Searched Topics: Choose topics that are highly searched by users then accordingly provide information about these topics.Create Quality Content: Do market research to understand your audience and make a list of questions mostly asked by them and then accordingly create unique and quality content.Implement Schema Markup Code: This code allows Google to identify semantic contents in the source code of your site so that it could separate information from your page and use it in the Answer Box.100) What is Schema Markup?Schema markup, which is also known as structured data, is a code or microdata that you incorporate in your web pages to enable search engine better understand your pages and provide more relevant results to users. It helps search engines interpret and categorize information, which you want to highlight and to be presented as a rich snippet by the search engine.The schema does not affect the crawling. It just changes the way the information is displayed and assigns a meaning to the content. So, it tells the search engine what your data means rather than just telling what it says.101) What is CTR?CTR stands for Click through Rate. It is calculated by dividing the number of times a link appears on a search engine result page (impression) by the number of times it is clicked by users. For example, if you have 10 clicks and 100 impressions, your CTR would be 10%.The higher the clicks, the higher will be the CTR. A high click-through rate is essential for a successful PPC, i.e., the success of a PPC depends on the CTR. Thus, it is an important metric in PPC ads which helps you gauge the results and tells how effective your campaigns are.102) What is PPC?PPC stands for pay-per-click. It is a type of search engine marketing in which you have to pay a fee each time your advertisement is clicked by an online user. Search engines like Google, Bing, etc., offer pay-per-click advertising on auction basis where the highest bidder gets the most prominent advertising space on the SERPs so that it gets a maximum number of clicks.103) What is bounce rate?Bounce rate refers to the percentage of single-page visits in which the visitor views only one page of your website and then leaves the website from the landing page without browsing other pages. In simple words, it is the single-page sessions divided by all sessions. Google analytics tells the bounce rate of a web page or a website.Bounce rate tells you how users are finding your site, e.g., if the bounce rate is too high, it indicates your site does not contain the relevant information, or the information is not useful for the visitors.104) What is Alexa Rank in SEO?Alexa.com is a website and a subsidiary company of Amazon.com that provides a wide range of services out of which one is Alexa rank. This rank is a metric that ranks websites in a particular order on the basis of their popularity and website traffic in the last three months.Alexa generally considers the unique daily visitors and average page views over a period of 3 months to calculate the Alexa rank for a website. Alexa rank is updated daily. The lower the Alexa rank, the more popular a site will be. An increase or decrease in the rank shows how your SEO campaigns are doing.105) What is RankBrain in SEO?RankBrain is Google's machine-learning artificial intelligence system designed to help Google to process search results and deliver more relevant information to users. It is a part of the Google's Hummingbird search algorithm. It can learn and recognize new patterns and then revisit SERPs to provide more relevant information.It has the ability to embed the written language into mathematical entities called vectors that Google can understand. For example, if it does not understand a sentence, it can guess its meaning with similar words or sentences and filter the information accordingly to provide accurate and relevant results to users.106) What do you understand by Crawl Stats in SEO?The crawl stats give the overview of Googlebot activity on our website. It provides information about the Googlebot's activity on your site for the last 90 days. The crawl number tends to increase as you increase the size of your site by adding more content or web pages.The crawl stats typically provide the following information:The number of pages crawled per day by GooglebotKilobytes downloaded per day for crawling pagesTime spent in downloading a page107) How would you maximize the frequency of crawling of your website by search engines?Update your pages regularly: You must have to frequently add new, original and quality content on the website for this.Server's Uptime: If a site is down for a long time, the crawlers reduce the frequency of crawling for that site. So, host your website on a reliable server with good uptime.Create Sitemaps: You can submit sitemap of your website to make your site discover quickly by search engine spiders. In WordPress, you can generate dynamic sitemap with Google XML sitemap plugin and submit it to Webmaster tool.Avoid Duplicate Content: The copied content tends to reduce the crawling rate as using plagiarized material is against the guidelines of Google. So, always provide new and unique content.Reduce site's loading time: The loading time should be less as the crawl has a limited time and if it spends too much time on big images included in the content, it will have no or less time to visit other pages.Build more links: You can build more backlinks from regularly crawled sites. Interlinking helps search engines to crawl deep pages of your site. So, whenever, you create a new page add a link in your old related pages to your new page.Use optimized images: The crawlers cannot read images directly so always use alt tags to provide a description that search engine crawlers can read and index.108) What is referral traffic?The referral traffic refers to the visitors that come to your site from the direct links on other websites rather than from the search engine. In simple words, the visits to your domain directly from other domains are called referral traffic. For example, a site that likes your page may post a link recommending your page. The visitor on this site may click on this link and visit your site.You can also increase referral traffic by leaving links on other blogs, forums, etc. when you put a hyperlink of your page on other websites like forums users will click and visit your webpage. Google tracks such visits as referral visits or traffic. So, it is a Google's way of reporting visits that come to your site from sources outside of search engine.109) What is keyword stemming?Keyword stemming is the process of finding the root word of a search query and then creating new keywords by adding prefixes, suffixes and pluralizing the root word. For example, a query "Searcher" can be broken down to the word "search" and then more words can be created by adding prefixes, suffixes or pluralizing this root word, such as research, searcher, searchers, searching, searchable, etc.Similarly, you can add the prefix "en" to "large" to make it "enlarge" and add a suffix "ful" to "power" to make it "powerful." This practice allows you to expand your keyword list and thus helps get more traffic.110) What is LSI?LSI stands for Latent Semantic Indexing. It is a part of the Google's algorithm which enables the search engine to understand the content of a page and the intent of the search queries. It identifies related words in content to better classify web pages and thus to deliver more relevant and accurate search results. It can understand synonyms and the relationship between words and thus can interpret web pages more deeply to provide relevant information to users. For example, if someone searches with a keyword "CAR," it will show related things such as car models, car auctions, car race, car companies and more. See the image:
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
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A list of frequently asked Python interview questions with answers for freshers and experienced are given below.1) What is Python?Python was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991.It is a general-purpose computer programming language. It is a high-level, object-oriented language which can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, UNIX, and Macintosh. Its high-level built-in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding. It is widely used in data science, machine learning and artificial intelligence domain.It is easy to learn and require less code to develop the applications.35KApple Watch Ultra: Honest Long Term ReviewNextStayIt is widely used for:Web development (server-side).Software development.Mathematics.System scripting.2) Why Python?Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics.Python is compatible with different platforms like Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.Python has a simple syntax as compared to other languages.Python allows a developer to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages.Python runs on an interpreter system, means that the code can be executed as soon as it is written. It helps to provide a prototype very quickly.Python can be described as a procedural way, an object-orientated way or a functional way.The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are available in source or binary form without charge for all major platforms, and can be freely distributed.3) What are the applications of Python?Python is used in various software domains some application areas are given below.Web and Internet DevelopmentGamesScientific and computational applicationsLanguage developmentImage processing and graphic design applicationsEnterprise and business applications developmentOperating systemsGUI based desktop applicationsPython provides various web frameworks to develop web applications. The popular python web frameworks are Django, Pyramid, Flask.Python's standard library supports for E-mail processing, FTP, IMAP, and other Internet protocols.Python's SciPy and NumPy helps in scientific and computational application development.Python's Tkinter library supports to create a desktop based GUI applications.4) What are the advantages of Python?Advantages of Python are:Python is Interpreted languageInterpreted: Python is an interpreted language. It does not require prior compilation of code and executes instructions directly.It is Free and open sourceFree and open source: It is an open-source project which is publicly available to reuse. It can be downloaded free of cost.It is ExtensibleExtensible: It is very flexible and extensible with any module.Object-orientedObject-oriented: Python allows to implement the Object-Oriented concepts to build application solution.It has Built-in data structureBuilt-in data structure: Tuple, List, and Dictionary are useful integrated data structures provided by the language.ReadabilityHigh-Level LanguageCross-platformPortable: Python programs can run on cross platforms without affecting its performance.5) What is PEP 8?PEP 8 stands for Python Enhancement Proposal, it can be defined as a document that helps us to provide the guidelines on how to write the Python code. It is basically a set of rules that specify how to format Python code for maximum readability. It was written by Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw and Nick Coghlan in 2001.6) What do you mean by Python literals?Literals can be defined as a data which is given in a variable or constant. Python supports the following literals:String LiteralsString literals are formed by enclosing text in the single or double quotes. For example, string literals are string values.Example:# in single quotes single = 'JavaTpoint' # in double quotes double = "JavaTpoint" # multi-line String multi = '''''Java T point''' print(single) print(double) print(multi) Output:JavaTpoint JavaTpoint Java T point Numeric LiteralsPython supports three types of numeric literals integer, float and complex.Example:# Integer literal a = 10 #Float Literal b = 12.3 #Complex Literal x = 3.14j print(a) print(b) print(x) Output:10 12.3 3.14j Boolean LiteralsBoolean literals are used to denote Boolean values. It contains either True or False.Example:p = (1 == True) q = (1 == False) r = True + 3 s = False + 7 print("p is", p) print("q is", q) print("r:", r) print("s:", s) Output:p is True q is False r: 4 s: 7 Special literalsPython contains one special literal, that is, 'None'. This special literal is used for defining a null variable. If 'None' is compared with anything else other than a 'None', it will return false.Example:word = None print(word) Output:None 7) Explain Python Functions?A function is a section of the program or a block of code that is written once and can be executed whenever required in the program. A function is a block of self-contained statements which has a valid name, parameters list, and body. Functions make programming more functional and modular to perform modular tasks. Python provides several built-in functions to complete tasks and also allows a user to create new functions as well.There are three types of functions:Built-In Functions: copy(), len(), count() are the some built-in functions.User-defined Functions: Functions which are defined by a user known as user-defined functions.Anonymous functions: These functions are also known as lambda functions because they are not declared with the standard def keyword.Example: A general syntax of user defined function is given below.def function_name(parameters list): #--- statements--- return a_value 8) What is zip() function in Python?Python zip() function returns a zip object, which maps a similar index of multiple containers. It takes an iterable, convert into iterator and aggregates the elements based on iterables passed. It returns an iterator of tuples.Signaturezip(iterator1, iterator2, iterator3 ...) Parametersiterator1, iterator2, iterator3: These are iterator objects that are joined together.ReturnIt returns an iterator from two or more iterators.Note: If the given lists are of different lengths, zip stops generating tuples when the first list ends. It means two lists are having 3, and 5 lengths will create a 3-tuple.9) What is Python's parameter passing mechanism?There are two parameters passing mechanism in Python:Pass by referencesPass by valueBy default, all the parameters (arguments) are passed "by reference" to the functions. Thus, if you change the value of the parameter within a function, the change is reflected in the calling function as well. It indicates the original variable. For example, if a variable is declared as a = 10, and passed to a function where it's value is modified to a = 20. Both the variables denote to the same value.The pass by value is that whenever we pass the arguments to the function only values pass to the function, no reference passes to the function. It makes it immutable that means not changeable. Both variables hold the different values, and original value persists even after modifying in the function.Python has a default argument concept which helps to call a method using an arbitrary number of arguments.10) How to overload constructors or methods in Python?Python's constructor: _init__ () is the first method of a class. Whenever we try to instantiate an object __init__() is automatically invoked by python to initialize members of an object. We can't overload constructors or methods in Python. It shows an error if we try to overload.Example:class student: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name def __init__(self, name, email): self.name = name self.email = email # This line will generate an error #st = student("rahul") # This line will call the second constructor st = student("rahul", "rahul@gmail.com") print("Name: ", st.name) print("Email id: ", st.email) Output:Name: rahul Email id: rahul@gmail.com 11) What is the difference between remove() function and del statement?The user can use the remove() function to delete a specific object in the list.Example:list_1 = [ 3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3 ] print(list_1) list_1.remove(3) print("After removal: ", list_1) Output:[3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3] After removal: [5, 7, 3, 9, 3] If you want to delete an object at a specific location (index) in the list, you can either use del or pop.Example:list_1 = [ 3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3 ] print(list_1) del list_1[2] print("After deleting: ", list_1) Output:[3, 5, 7, 3, 9, 3] After deleting: [3, 5, 3, 9, 3] Note: You don't need to import any extra module to use these functions for removing an element from the list.We cannot use these methods with a tuple because the tuple is different from the list.12) What is swapcase() function in the Python?It is a string's function which converts all uppercase characters into lowercase and vice versa. It is used to alter the existing case of the string. This method creates a copy of the string which contains all the characters in the swap case. If the string is in lowercase, it generates a small case string and vice versa. It automatically ignores all the non-alphabetic characters. See an example below.Example:string = "IT IS IN LOWERCASE." print(string.swapcase()) string = "it is in uppercase." print(string.swapcase()) Output:it is in lowercase. IT IS IN UPPERCASE. 13) How to remove whitespaces from a string in Python?To remove the whitespaces and trailing spaces from the string, Python providies strip([str]) built-in function. This function returns a copy of the string after removing whitespaces if present. Otherwise returns original string.Example:string = " javatpoint " string2 = " javatpoint " string3 = " javatpoint" print(string) print(string2) print(string3) print("After stripping all have placed in a sequence:") print(string.strip()) print(string2.strip()) print(string3.strip()) Output:javatpoint javatpoint javatpoint After stripping all have placed in a sequence: Javatpoint javatpoint javatpoint 14) How to remove leading whitespaces from a string in the Python?To remove leading characters from a string, we can use lstrip() function. It is Python string function which takes an optional char type parameter. If a parameter is provided, it removes the character. Otherwise, it removes all the leading spaces from the string.Example:string = " javatpoint " string2 = " javatpoint " print(string) print(string2) print("After stripping all leading whitespaces:") print(string.lstrip()) print(string2.lstrip()) Output:javatpoint javatpoint After stripping all leading whitespaces: javatpoint javatpoint After stripping, all the whitespaces are removed, and now the string looks like the below:15) Why do we use join() function in Python?The join() is defined as a string method which returns a string value. It is concatenated with the elements of an iterable. It provides a flexible way to concatenate the strings. See an example below.Example:str = "Rohan" str2 = "ab" # Calling function str2 = str.join(str2) # Displaying result print(str2) Output:aRohanb 16) Give an example of shuffle() method?This method shuffles the given string or an array. It randomizes the items in the array. This method is present in the random module. So, we need to import it and then we can call the function. It shuffles elements each time when the function calls and produces different output.Example:# import the random module import random # declare a list sample_list1 = ['Z', 'Y', 'X', 'W', 'V', 'U'] print("Original LIST1: ") print(sample_list1) # first shuffle random.shuffle(sample_list1) print("\nAfter the first shuffle of LIST1: ") print(sample_list1) # second shuffle random.shuffle(sample_list1) print("\nAfter the second shuffle of LIST1: ") print(sample_list1) Output:Original LIST1: ['Z', 'Y', 'X', 'W', 'V', 'U'] After the first shuffle of LIST1: ['V', 'U', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z'] After the second shuffle of LIST1: ['Z', 'Y', 'X', 'U', 'V', 'W'] 17) What is the use of break statement?The break statement is used to terminate the execution of the current loop. Break always breaks the current execution and transfer control to outside the current block. If the block is in a loop, it exits from the loop, and if the break is in a nested loop, it exits from the innermost loop.Example:list_1 = ['X', 'Y', 'Z'] list_2 = [11, 22, 33] for i in list_1: for j in list_2: print(i, j) if i == 'Y' and j == 33: print('BREAK') break else: continue break Output:2 X 11 X 22 X 33 Y 11 Y 22 Y 33 BREAK Python Break statement flowchart.18) What is tuple in Python?A tuple is a built-in data collection type. It allows us to store values in a sequence. It is immutable, so no change is reflected in the original data. It uses () brackets rather than [] square brackets to create a tuple. We cannot remove any element but can find in the tuple. We can use indexing to get elements. It also allows traversing elements in reverse order by using negative indexing. Tuple supports various methods like max(), sum(), sorted(), Len() etc.To create a tuple, we can declare it as below.Example:# Declaring tuple tup = (2,4,6,8) # Displaying value print(tup) # Displaying Single value print(tup[2]) Output:(2, 4, 6, 8) 6 It is immutable. So updating tuple will lead to an error.Example:# Declaring tuple tup = (2,4,6,8) # Displaying value print(tup) # Displaying Single value print(tup[2]) # Updating by assigning new value tup[2]=22 # Displaying Single value print(tup[2]) Output:tup[2]=22 TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment (2, 4, 6, 8) 19) Which are the file related libraries/modules in Python?The Python provides libraries/modules that enable you to manipulate text files and binary files on the file system. It helps to create files, update their contents, copy, and delete files. The libraries are os, os.path, and shutil.Here, os and os.path - modules include a function for accessing the filesystemwhile shutil - module enables you to copy and delete the files.20) What are the different file processing modes supported by Python?Python provides four modes to open files. The read-only (r), write-only (w), read-write (rw) and append mode (a). 'r' is used to open a file in read-only mode, 'w' is used to open a file in write-only mode, 'rw' is used to open in reading and write mode, 'a' is used to open a file in append mode. If the mode is not specified, by default file opens in read-only mode.Read-only mode (r): Open a file for reading. It is the default mode.Write-only mode (w): Open a file for writing. If the file contains data, data would be lost. Other a new file is created.Read-Write mode (rw): Open a file for reading, write mode. It means updating mode.Append mode (a): Open for writing, append to the end of the file, if the file exists.21) What is an operator in Python?An operator is a particular symbol which is used on some values and produces an output as a result. An operator works on operands. Operands are numeric literals or variables which hold some values. Operators can be unary, binary or ternary. An operator which requires a single operand known as a unary operator, which require two operands known as a binary operator and which require three operands is called ternary operator.Example:# Unary Operator A = 12 B = -(A) print (B) # Binary Operator A = 12 B = 13 print (A + B) print (B * A) #Ternary Operator A = 12 B = 13 min = A if A
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
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A list of top frequently asked Django interview questions and answers are given below.1) Explain Django.Django is a free and open source web application framework, written in Python. It is a server-side web framework that provides rapid development of secure and maintainable websites.2) What does Django mean?Django is named after Django Reinhardt, a gypsy jazz guitarist from the 1930s to early 1950s who is known as one of the best guitarists of all time.3) Which architectural pattern does Django follow?Django follows Model-View-Template (MVT) architectural pattern.56.6M1KHTML TutorialSee the following graph that shows the MVT based control flow.Here, a user requests for a resource to the Django, Django works as a controller and check to the available resource in URL.If URL maps, a view is called that interact with model and template, it renders a template.Django responds back to the user and sends a template as a response.4) Explain Django architecture.Django follows MVT (Model View Template) pattern. It is slightly different from MVC.Model: It is the data access layer. It contains everything about the data, i.e., how to access it, how to validate it, its behaviors and the relationships between the data.Let's see an example. We are creating a model Employee who has two fields first_name and last_name.from django.db import models class Employee(models.Model): first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30) last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30) View: It is the business logic layer. This layer contains the logic that accesses the model and defers to the appropriate template. It is like a bridge between the model and the template.import datetime # Create your views here. from django.http import HttpResponse def index(request): now = datetime.datetime.now() html = "Now time is %s." % now return HttpResponse(html) # rendering the template in HttpResponse Template: It is a presentation layer. This layer contains presentation-related decisions, i.e., how something should be displayed on a Web page or other type of document.To configure the template system, we have to provide some entries in settings.py file.TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'templates')], 'APP_DIRS': True, 'OPTIONS': { 'context_processors': [ 'django.template.context_processors.debug', 'django.template.context_processors.request', 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages', ], }, }, ] 5) Is Django a high-level web framework or low-level framework?Django is a high-level Python's web framework which was designed for rapid development and clean, realistic design.6) How would you pronounce Django?Django is pronounced JANG-oh. Here D is silent.7) How does Django work?Django can be broken into many components:Models.py file: This file defines your data model by extending your single line of code into full database tables and add a pre-built administration section to manage content.Urls.py file: It uses a regular expression to capture URL patterns for processing.Views.py file: It is the main part of Django. The actual processing happens in view.When a visitor lands on Django page, first Django checks the URLs pattern you have created and used the information to retrieve the view. After that view processes the request, querying your database if necessary, and passes the requested information to a template.After that, the template renders the data in a layout you have created and displayed the page.8) Which foundation manages the Django web framework?Django web framework is managed and maintained by an independent and non-profit organization named Django Software Foundation (DSF). The primary foundation goal is to promote, support, and advance the Django Web framework.9) Is Django stable?Yes, Django is quite stable. Many companies like Disqus, Instagram, Pinterest, and Mozilla have been using Django for many years.10) What are the features available in Django web framework?Features available in Django web framework are:Admin Interface (CRUD)TemplatingForm handlingInternationalizationA Session, user management, role-based permissionsObject-relational mapping (ORM)Testing FrameworkFantastic Documentation11) Explain the advantages of Django?Advantages of Django:Django is a Python's framework which is easy to learn.It is clear and readable.It is versatile.It is fast to write.No loopholes in design.It is secure.It is scalable.It is versatile.12) What are the disadvantages of Django?Following is the list of disadvantages of Django:Django' modules are bulky.It is completely based on Django ORM.Components are deployed together.You must know the full system to work with it.13) What are the inheritance styles in Django?There are three possible inheritance styles in Django:1) Abstract base classes: This style is used when you only want parent's class to hold information that you don't want to type out for each child model.2) Multi-table Inheritance: This style is used if you are sub-classing an existing model and need each model to have its database table.3) Proxy models: This style is used, if you only want to modify the Python level behavior of the model, without changing the model's fields.14) Is Django a content management system (CMS)?No, Django is not a CMS. Instead, it is a Web framework and a programming tool that makes you able to build websites.15) How can you set up static files in Django?There are three main things required to set up static files in Django:1) Set STATIC_ROOT in settings.py2) run manage.py collect static3) set up a Static Files entry on the PythonAnywhere web tab16) What is some typical usage of middlewares in Django?Some usage of middlewares in Django is:Session management,Use authenticationCross-site request forgery protectionContent Gzipping17) What does of Django field class types do?The Django field class types specify:The database column type.The default HTML widget to avail while rendering a form field.The minimal validation requirements used in Django admin.Automatic generated forms.18) What is the usage of Django-admin.py and manage.py?Django-admin.py: It is a Django's command line utility for administrative tasks.Manage.py: It is an automatically created file in each Django project. It is a thin wrapper around the Django-admin.py. It has the following usage:It puts your project's package on sys.path.It sets the DJANGO_SETTING_MODULE environment variable to points to your project's setting.py file.19) What are the signals in Django?Signals are pieces of code which contain information about what is happening. A dispatcher is used to sending the signals and listen for those signals.20) What are the two important parameters in signals?Two important parameters in signals are:Receiver: It specifies the callback function which connected to the signal.Sender: It specifies a particular sender from where a signal is received.21) How to handle URLs in Django?To handle URL, django.urls module is used by the Django framework.Let's open the file urls.py of the project and see the what it looks like:// urls.pyfrom django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), ] See, Django already has mentioned a URL here for the admin. The path function takes the first argument as a route of string or regex type.The view argument is a view function which is used to return a response (template) to the user.The django.urls module contains various functions, path(route,view,kwargs,name) is one of those which is used to map the URL and call the specified view.22) What is Django Exception?An exception is an abnormal event that leads to program failure. To deal with this situation, Django uses its exception classes and supports all core Python exceptions as well. Django core exceptions classes are defined in django.core.exceptions module.23) What are the different types of Django Exception Classes?The django.core.exceptions module contains the following classesExceptionDescriptionAppRegistryNotReadyIt is raised when attempting to use models before the app loading process.ObjectDoesNotExistThe base class for DoesNotExist exceptions.EmptyResultSetIf a query does not return any result, this exception is raised.FieldDoesNotExistIt raises when the requested field does not exist.MultipleObjectsReturnedThis exception is raised by a query if only one object is expected, but multiple objects are returned.SuspiciousOperationThis exception is raised when a user has performed an operation that should be considered suspicious from a security perspective.PermissionDeniedIt is raised when a user does not have permission to perform the action requested.ViewDoesNotExistIt is raised by django.urls when a requested view does not exist.MiddlewareNotUsedIt is raised when a middleware is not used in the server configuration.ImproperlyConfiguredThe ImproperlyConfigured exception is raised when Django is somehow improperly configured.FieldErrorIt is raised when there is a problem with a model field.ValidationErrorIt is raised when data validation fails to form or model field validation.24) What is Django Session?A session is a mechanism to store information on the server side during the interaction with the web application. By default, session stores in the database and also allows file-based and cache based sessions.25) What is the role of Cookie in Django?A cookie is a small piece of information which is stored in the client browser. It is used to store user's data in a file permanently (or for the specified time). Cookie has its expiry date and time and removes automatically when gets expire. Django provides built-in methods to set and fetch cookie.The set_cookie() method is used to set a cookie and get() method is used to get the cookie.The request.COOKIES['key'] array can also be used to get cookie values.from django.shortcuts import render from django.http import HttpResponse def setcookie(request): response = HttpResponse("Cookie Set") response.set_cookie('java-tutorial', 'javatpoint.com') return response def getcookie(request): tutorial = request.COOKIES['java-tutorial'] return HttpResponse("java tutorials @: "+ tutorial);
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A list of frequently asked Ruby or Ruby On Rails interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is Ruby programming language?Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general purpose, open source programming language that focuses on simplicity and productivity. Ruby has a mixed features of Perl, small talk, Eiffel, Ada and Lisp. Ruby was designed to create a new language which makes a balance with the functionality of Imperative languages.For more information: Click here2) Who is the developer of Ruby?Ruby is designed and developed by Yukihiro "martz" Matsumoto in mid 1990 in Japan.68.2M1.3KException Handling in Java - JavatpointFor more information: Click here3) Why Ruby is known as a language of flexibility?Ruby is known as a language of flexibility because it facilitates its author to alter the programming elements. Some specific parts of the language can be removed or redefined. Ruby does not restrict the user. For example, to add two numbers, Ruby allows to use + sign or the word 'plus'. This alteration can be done with Ruby's built-in class Numeric.4) List some features of Ruby?Ruby has many features. Some of them are listed below.Object-orientedFlexibleDynamic typing and Duck typingGarbage collectorKeyword argumentsFor more information: Click here5) Explain some differences between Ruby and Python.Similarities:High level languageSupport multiple platformsUse interactive prompt called irbServer side scripting languageDifferences:Ruby is fully object oriented while Python is not.Ruby supports EclipseIDE while Python supports multiple IDEs.Ruby use Mixins while Python doesn't.Ruby supports blocks, procs and lambdas while Python doesn't.For more information: Click here6) Write the command to get installed Ruby version in your system.ruby -vFor more information: Click here7) What are class libraries in Ruby?Ruby class libraries contain variety of domain such as thread programming, data types, various domains. Following is a list of domains which has relevant class libraries:Text processingCGI ProgrammingNetwork programmingGUI programmingXML programming8) Name some operators used in Ruby.Operators are a symbol which is used to perform different operations.Unary operatorAirthmetic operatorBitwise operatorLogical operatorTernary operatorFor more information: Click here9) What is RubyGems in Ruby programming language?RubyGems provides a standard format for distributing ruby programs and libraries. It works as a package manager for the Ruby programming language.RubyGems is now a part of the standard library from Ruby version 1.9.10) What are Ruby variables.Ruby variables hold data which can be used later in a program. Each variable act as a memory and shas a different name.There are four types of variables in Ruby:Local variableClass variableInstance variableGlobal variableFor more information: Click here11) What is the difference between nil and false in Ruby?nilfalsenil cannot be a value.false can be a value.nil is returned where there is no predicate.in case of a predicate, true or false is returned by a method.nil is not a boolean data type.false is a boolean data type.nil is an object of nilclass.false is an object of falseclass.12) Explain Ruby data types.Ruby data types represent type of data such as text, string, numbers, etc.There are different data types in Ruby:NumbersStringsSymbolsHashesArraysBooleansFor more information: Click here13) What is the use of load and require in Ruby?In Ruby, load and require both are used for loading the available code into the current code. In cases where loading the code required every time when changed or every times someone hits the URL, it is suggested to use 'load'.It case of autoload, it is suggested to use 'require'.14) Explain Ruby if-else statement.The Ruby if-else statement is used to test condition. There are various types of statement in Ruby.if statementif-else statementif-else-if (elsif) statementternary statementFor more information: Click here15) Explain case statement in Ruby.In Ruby, we use 'case' instead of 'switch' and 'when' instead of 'case'. The case statement matches one statement with multiple conditions just like a switch statement in other languages.For more information: Click here16) Explain for loop in Ruby.Ruby for loop iterates over a specific range of numbers. Hence, for loop is used if a program has fixed number of itrerations.Ruby for loop will execute once for each element in expression.For more information: Click here17) Explain while loop in Ruby.Ruby while loop is used to iterate a program several times. If the number of iterations is not fixedfor a program, while loop is used.For more information: Click here18) Explain do while loop in Ruby.Ruby do while loop iterates a part of program several times. In this, loop will execute at least once because do while condition is written at the end.For more information: Click here19) Explain until loop in Ruby.Ruby until loop runs until the given condition evaluates to true. It exits the loop when condition becomes true. It is opposite of the while loop.For more information: Click here20) Explain break statement in Ruby.Ruby break statement is used to terminate a loop. It is mostly used in while loop where value is printed till the condition is true.For more information: Click here21) Explain next statement in Ruby.Ruby next statement is used to skip loop's next iteration. Once the next statement is executed, no further iteration will be performed.For more information: Click here22) Explain redo statement in Ruby.Ruby redo statement is used to repeat the current iteration of the loop. The redo statement is executed without evaluating loop's condition.For more information: Click here23) Explain retry statement in Ruby.Ruby retry statement is used to repeat the whole loop iteration from the start.For more information: Click here24) How will you comment in Ruby.Ruby comments are non-executable lines in a program. They do not take part in the execution of a program.Single line comment syntax:#This is single line comment. Multi line comment syntax:=begin This is multi line comment =end For more information: Click here25) Explain Ruby object.Object is the default root of all Ruby objects. Ruby objects inherit from BasicObject which allows creating alternate object hierarchies.For more information: Click here26) How to create Ruby object?Objects in Ruby are created by calling new method of the class. It is a unique type of method and predefined in Ruby library.Syntax:objectName=className.new For more information: Click here27) Explain Ruby class.Each Ruby class is an instance of Ruby class. Classes in Ruby are first class objects. It always starts with a keyword class followed by the class name.Syntax:class ClassName codes... end For more information: Click here28) Define Ruby methods.Ruby method prevent us from writing the same code in a program again and again. Ruby methods are similar to functions in other languages.For more information: Click here29) How to use Ruby methods.To use a Ruby method, we need to first define it. It is defined with def and end keyword.Method name should always start with a lowercase letter.Syntax:def methodName code... end For more information: Click here30) What are Ruby blocks.Ruby code blocks are called closures in other programming languages. It consist of a group of codes which is always enclosed with braces or written between do...end.For more information: Click here31) In how many ways a block is written in Ruby.A block is written in two ways:Multi-line between do and endInline between braces {}Both are same and have the same functionality.For more information: Click heresyntax:block_name{ statement1 statement2 .......... } For more information: Click here32) What is yield statement in Ruby.The yield statement is used to call a block within a method with a value.For more information: Click here33) Explain ampersand parameter (&block) in Ruby.The &block is a way to pass a reference (instead of a local variable) to the block to a method.Here, block word after the & is just a name for the reference, any other name can be used instead of this.For more information: Click here34) Explain Ruby module.Ruby module is a collection of methods and constants. A module method may be instance method or module method. They are similar to classes as they hold a collection of methods, class definitions, constants and other modules. They are defined like classes. Objects or subclasses can not be created using modules. There is no module hierarchy of inheritance.Modules basically serve two purposes:They act as namespace. They prevent the name clashes.They allow the mixin facility to share functionality between classes.Syntax:module ModuleName statement1 statement2 ........... end Module name should start with a capital letter.For more information: Click here35) Explain module mixins in Ruby.Ruby doesn't support multiple inheritance. Modules eliminate the need of multiple inheritance using mixin in Ruby.A module doesn't have instances because it is not a class. However, a module can be included within a class.When you include a module within a class, the class will have access to the methods of the module.For more information: Click here36) Explain Ruby strings.Ruby string object holds and manipulates an arbitary sequence of bytes, typically representing characters. They are created using String::new or as literals.For more information: Click here37) How to access Ruby strings elements in an application.You can access Ruby string elements in different parts with the help of square brackets []. Within square brackets write the index or string.For more information: Click here38) How to write multiline string in Ruby.Writing multiline string is very simple in Ruby language. We will show three ways to print multiline string.String can be written within double quotes.The % character is used and string is enclosed within / character.In heredoc syntax, we use << and string is enclosed within word STRING.For more information: Click here39) What is the use of global variable $ in Ruby?The global variable is declared in Ruby that you can access it anywhere within the application because it has full scope in the application. The global variables are used in Ruby with $ prepend.40) What is concatenating string in Ruby. In how many ways you can create a concatenating string.Ruby concatenating string implies creating one string from multiple strings. You can join more than one string to form a single string by concatenating them.There are four ways to concatenate Ruby strings into single string:Using plus sign in between strings.Using a single space in between strings.Using << sign in between strings.Using concat method in between strings.For more information: Click here41) What are freezing string in Ruby.In most programming languages strings are immutable. It means that an existing string can't be modified, only a new string can be created out of them.In Ruby, by default strings are not immutable. To make them immutable, freeze method can be used.For more information: Click here42) In how many ways you can compare Ruby string?Ruby strings can be compared with three operators:With == operator : Returns true or falseWith eql? Operator : Returns true or falseWith casecmp method : Returns 0 if matched or 1 if not matchedFor more information: Click here43) What are class libraries in Ruby?Ruby class libraries contain variety of domain such as thread programming, data types, various domains. Following is a list of domains which has relevant class libraries:Text processingCGI ProgrammingNetwork programmingGUI programmingXML programming44) What are Ruby arrays and how they can be created?Ruby arrays are ordered collections of objects. They can hold objects like integer, number, hash, string, symbol or any other array.Its indexing starts with 0. The negative index starts with -1 from the end of the array. For example, -1 indicates last element of the array and 0 indicates first element of the array.A Ruby array is created in many ways.Using literal constructor []Using new class methodFor more information: Click here45) How to access Ruby array elements? How many methods are used to access Ruby elements.?Ruby array elements can be accessed using #[] method. You can pass one or more than one arguments or even a range of arguments.Syntax:#[] method Methods used to access Ruby elements:at methodslice methodfetch methodfirst and last methodtake methoddrop methodFor more information: Click here46) In how many ways items can be added in an array in Ruby?Ruby array elements can be added in different ways.push or <<unshiftinsertFor more information: Click here47) In how many ways items can be removed from array in Ruby?Ruby array elements can be removed in different ways.popshiftdeleteuniqFor more information: Click here48) Explain Ruby hashes.A Ruby hash is a collection of unique keys and their values. They are similar to arrays but array use integer as an index and hash use any object type. They are also called associative arrays, dictionaries or maps.If a hash is accessed with a key that does not exist, the method will return nil.For more information: Click here49) How to create a new time instance in Ruby?A new Time instance can be created with ::new. This will use your current system's time. Parts of time like year, month, day, hour, minute, etc can also be passed.While creating a new time instance, you need to pass at least a year. If only year is passed, then time will default to January 1 of that year at 00:00:00 with current system time zone.For more information: Click here50) Explain Ruby ranges. What are the ways to define ranges?Ruby range represents a set of values with a beginning and an end. They can be constructed using s..e and s...e literals or with ::new.The ranges which has .. in them, run from beginning to end inclusively. The ranges which has ... in them, run exclusively the end value.Ruby has a variety of ways to define ranges.Ranges as sequencesRanges as conditionsRanges as intervalsFor more information: Click here51) What are Ruby iterators?Iterator is a concept used in object-oriented language. Iteration means doing one thing many times like a loop.The loop method is the simplest iterator. They return all the elements from a collection, one after the other. Arrays and hashes come in the category of collection.For more information: Click here52) How many iterators are there in Ruby?Following iterators are there in Ruby:each iteratortimes iteratorupto and downto iteratorstep iteratoreach_line iteratorFor more information: Click here53) Name different methods for IO console in Ruby?The IO console provides different methods to interact with console. The class IO provides following basic methods:IO::consoleIO#raw#raw!IO#cookedIO#cooked!IO#getchFor more information: Click here54) How to open a file in Ruby?A Ruby file can be created using different methods for reading, writing or both.There are two methods to open a file in Ruby.File.new method : Using this method a new file can be created for reading, writing or both.File.open method : Using this method a new file object is created. That file object is assigned to a file.Difference between both the methods is that File.open method can be associated with a block while File.new method can't.Syntax:f = File.new("fileName.rb") Or,File.open("fileName.rb", "mode") do |f| For more information: Click here55) How to read a file in Ruby?There are three different methods to read a file.To return a single line, following syntax is used.Syntax:f.gets code... To return the whole file after the current position, following syntax is used.Syntax:f.rea code... To return file as an array of lines, following syntax is used.Syntax:f.readlines [code...] 56) Explain class libraries in Ruby.Ruby class libraries contain a variety of domains like thread programming, data types, and various domains. It has additional libraries evolving day by day. The following are the domains which has relevant class libraries.Text processing: File, String, Regexp for quick and clean text processing.CGI Programming: There are supporting class library for CGI programming support like, data base interface, eRuby, mod_ruby for Apache, text processing classes.Network programming: Various well-designed sockets are available in ruby for network programming.GUI programming: Ruby/Tk and Ruby/Gtk are the classes for GUI programmingXML programming: UTF-8 text processing regular expression engine make XML programming very handy in ruby.57) What is sysread method in Ruby?The sysread method is also used to read the content of a file. With the help of this method you can open a file in any mode.For more information: Click here58) How will you rename and delete a file in Ruby?Ruby files are renamed using rename method and deleted using delete mehtod.To rename a file, following syntax is used.Syntax:File.rename("olderName.txt", "newName.txt") To delete a file, following syntax is used.Syntax:File.delete("filename.txt") For more information: Click here59) How to check whether a directory exist or not in Ruby?To check whether a directory exists or not exists? Method is used.Syntax:puts Dir.exists? "dirName" For more information: Click here60) Explain Ruby exceptions.Ruby exception is an object, an instance of the class Exception or descendent of that class. When something goes wrong, Ruby program throws an exceptional behavior. By default Ruby program terminates on throwing an exception.For more information: Click here61) What are some built-in Ruby class exceptions.Built-in subclasses of exception are as follows:NoMemoryErrorScriptErrorSecurityErrorSignalExceptionFor more information: Click here62) How an exception is handled in Ruby?To handle exception, the code that raises exception is enclosed within begin-end block. Using rescue clauses we can state type of exceptions we want to handle.For more information: Click here63) Explain the use of retry statement in Ruby?Usaually in a rescue clause, the exception is captured and code resumes after begin block. Using retry statement, the rescue block code can be resumed from begin after capturing an exception.Syntax:begin code.... rescue # capture exceptions retry # program will run from the begin block end For more information: Click here64) Explain raise statement in Ruby?The raise statement is used to raise an exception.Syntax:raise Or,raise "Error Message" Or,raise ExceptionType, "Error Message" Or,raise ExceptionType, "Error Message" condition For more information: Click here65) Explain the use of ensure statement in Ruby?There is an ensure clause which guarantees some processing at the end of code. The ensure block always run whether an exception is raised or not. It is placed after last rescue clause and will always executed as the block terminates.The ensure block will run at any case whether an exception arises, exception is rescued or code is terminated by uncaught exception.Syntax:begin code.. #..raise exception rescue #.. exception is rescued ensure #.. This code will always execute. end
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