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About the company: EricssonEricsson is one of the leading Swedish multinational company works in the field of networking and telecommunications. It is headquartered in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. It was founded in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson in Stockholm, Sweden. Ericsson is a worldwide leading provider of services, software and infrastructure in Information and communication technology to service providers. It provides services for telecommunication and IP networking equipment, mobile and broadband, business services, and various cloud applications. Ericsson is working with around 95,000 employees over 180 countries, having 42,000 authorized patents (till December 2016). Ericsson helps their customers by serving the game-changing technologies which are easy to adapt and use. Ericsson is an emerging business in 5G, IoT, and a new approach for designing data security.Key peopleFounder: Lars Magnus EricssonPresent Chairman: Leif JohanssonPresent President and CEO: Borje EkholmPlay VideoxEricsson Recruitment ProcessEricsson recruitment process consists of mainly four rounds for fresher Graduate Engineer post. You must have to clear the previous rounds to proceed for the next rounds.First round: Aptitude TestSecond round: Group Discussion RoundThird round: Technical Interview RoundFourth round: HR Interview RoundAcademic CriteriaTo apply for Ericsson, candidates are required to meet the following academic criteria:Percentage criteria: 60% throughout (Class X, XII, and B. Tech).No backlogs at the time of interview.Education gap should not be more than one year.First Round: Aptitude TestDescription: The first round consists of Aptitude test which consists of three sections. Which are:Quantitative AptitudeLogical ReasoningVerbal ReasoningThis round has an average difficulty level with no negative marking. It consists of a total 45 number of questions and time of 45 minutes. Candidate can easily cross this section with proper preparation of following topics with good speed:SectionNumber of questionsTime DurationQuantitative AptitudeProfit and LossCubesHCF and LCMProblems on AgesProbabilityPermutation and CombinationTime & workSpeed and Distance etc.1515 minLogical ReasoningSeriesCoding and DecodingStatement ArgumentBlood RelationSeating Arrangement, etc.1515 minVerbal AbilitySynonymsAntonymsReading ComprehensionSpotting Errors, etc.1515 minAptitude Interview Questions1) If the average age of Mansi and her grandfather is 40 years. The ratio of their ages is 1:3 respectively, then what will be the age of Mansi?21426020Show Answer2) 25% of 350+ 35% of 250 = x, then find the value of x?125175150180Show Answer3) If a bag contains 2 blue, 3 yellow, and 2 green balls. Two balls are drawn randomly from the bag. Find the probability that both the balls are not green?2/75/710/2111/21Show Answer4) John salary got decreased by 40% and subsequently increased by 40%. Then how much percentage salary he lose?16%0%24%None of the AboveShow Answer5) In a class, marks of Rohan were wrongly entered as 93 instead of 73. Because of this mistake, the average marks of the class got increased by 1/2, find the total number of students in the class?45303540Show Answer6) If Rohan walks at the rate of 4kmph, covers a certain distance in 3hr 45 min. If Rohan runs at a speed of 12.5kmph, then he will cover the same distance in what time?65 min45 min70 min72 minShow Answer7) A rectangular park has length and breadth in the ratio of 2:1. If a person running at a speed of 10 km/hr around the boundary of the park then he completes one round in 9 min. Find the area of the park?152600sq.m.135000sq.m.455000sq.m.405000sq.m.Show Answer8) A can do a work in 15 days, and B can do the same job in 12 days. With the help of C, A and B can complete the job in 5 days only. Then, in how many days, C can complete the job when working alone.15 days18 days20 daysNone of the above.Show Answer9) At present, the ratio of ages of Aman and Rahul is 3:4. After 6 years, Aman's age will be 27 years. What is the age of Rahul at present?22 years21 years28 years24 yearsShow Answer10) Find the number which will be exactly divisible by 12, 18, 21, and 30?25201260630196Show AnswerVerbal English Interview QuestionFind the Correct options1) Rain: clouds:: x: lacrimal sac. What will be the option for x?SweatTearsBloodWaterShow Answer2) We __________ for the IAS examination.Have preparingHave been preparedHad preparedAre preparingShow Answer3) The Students of MBA __________ to submit their reports by the end of the week.Were askedAre askedHave askedAre askingShow Answer4) Reema___________ for a while.Have been ailingAre ailingHas been ailingIs ailingShow Answer5) The bank robbers __________ by the policeHave been arrestedHad arrestedWas arrestedHave arrestedShow Answer6) What will be the antonym of "EXODUS"?Home-comingInfluxReturnRestorationShow Answer7) Zoya never visits any zoo because she is strong opponent of the idea of ______________Feeding the animals in front of everyoneGoing out on holiday with friendsHolding the animals in imprisonmentLet the animals free into the forestShow Answer8) CORPOREAL: SPIRITUAL, find the analogy?Mesa: PlateauMoron: SavantForeigner: ImmigrantPedagogue: TeacherShow Answer9) Improve the sentence by selecting the correct alternativePaul told to his sister that "I would have waited for you at the airport if I knew that you would come with me."Had knownWas knowingHave knownNo improvementShow Answer10) Find the correct option for the following sentence.They were all surprised at his success in the dance competitionWere surprised at allHad all surprised atHad been all shocked onNo correction required.Show AnswerLogical Reasoning interview questions1) What will be the next number in the following series?14, 28, 20, 40, 32, 64, .........965652128Show Answer2) Find the odd one from the following optionsDodgeDuckAvoidFleeShow Answer3) What should be the next number in the series 8, 6, 9, 23, 87,.....?128226429324Show Answer4) What will be the next term in the following series,3, 7, 13, 27, 53, ___?10510797113Show Answer5) Fill the blank with the correct optionsCMN, EOP, GQR, _________, KUV.GRSITTGSTISTShow Answer6) In a code language,tamceno means "sky blue"cenorax means "blue cheese"aplimiti means "star bright"Which word means "bright sky"cenotamaplcenomitltamraxmitlShow Answer7) Pointing towards a person, Hari said to his friend, "He is the son of the only daughter of father of my brother," then how Hari is related to that person?BrotherMaternal UncleFatherNephewShow Answer8) Statement:Some Onions are tomatoAll tomatoes are peanutsAll peanuts are candyConclusion:A. Some onions are peanutsB. Some peanuts are OnionC. All tomatoes are CandyOnly A and B followsOnly B and C followsOnly A and C followsAll followShow AnswerSecond Round: GD (Group Discussion) RoundDescription: The second round consists of Group Discussion (GD) Round. Candidates selected from first round are appeared in this round. This is very important and very tricky round as candidates are judged on their communication skills, soft skills, good team member skill and confidence. In this GD round, there will be 6-8 candidates who will participate for one time and they will be given a social topic on which they have to discuss. Following are some points which candidates need to follow while preparing for GD round.Note:Be a good listener in GD, and listen to every point very carefully.While speaking in GD, try to speak in very easy and in a comprehensive way so that everyone will understand easily.Try to acknowledge to everyone's point.Do not interrupt anyone while speaking.Think positively and creatively.Some famous and latest GD topics are given below:Is social networking curse or boon?Is India ready for the cashless economy?Making Aaadhar mandatory is a good idea or not?Which is better: Hard work or Smart work?Internet Surfing at workplace will affect productivity or not?Is India ready for electric vehicles?Third Round: Technical Interview QuestionsDescription: The next round of the Ericsson Interview process is a technical Interview round. In this round, candidates are asked questions on the basis of technical skills such as C, C++, Java, and Networking. Following are some sample questions with an answer to practice for technical round.1) Differentiate between abstract class and Interface in Java?Abstract class and interface both concepts are used to accomplish abstraction in Java. The primary differences between abstract class and Interface are:The abstract keyword is used to create an abstract class in Java, whereas interface keyword is used to create Interface.An abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods whereas Interface can only have abstract methods.As a general class, abstract class also does not support multiple inheritance, whereas an interface supports multiple inheritance.An abstract class can extend other class and implement interfaces but an interface cannot extend class. It can only extend other interfaces.An abstract class may or may not have methods with implementations, but Interface cannot have method implementation.2) What are the static variable and static block?Static variable: If we use the static keyword with a variable then it is termed as a static variable. Static variables are the part of the class not, the instance. When we declare any static variable, then it creates a copy in memory which is shared between all the objects. Static variables are not thread safe as it is shared between various objects. Static variables are mainly used for memory management.Syntax:static variable_name; Static Block: A block inside a class with the static keyword is called a static block. A static block is executed at the time of class loading and before the execution of the main method. Static block is primarily used for initialization of the static variable. A class can have multiple static blocks, and they execute in the sequence as they appear in the program.Syntax:static{ // code to be executed } 3) What do you understand by TCP/IP?TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a suite of protocols TCP and IP, used for the communication over a network. TCP/IP protocols provide some standard rules for communication between two or more computers over the network. The TCP protocol at the transport layer divides a message or data into packets form and then resembled the packets at the destination part. IP protocol at Network layer is responsible for the moving of these packets to the correct destination.4) Which is the fastest sorting algorithm?There is no such specific fastest sorting algorithm because it depends on various factors and all the sorting algorithm gives different performances for different input cases. Although among all the sorting algorithm we can consider Quicksort as a fastest algorithm as it shows time complexity of O(n log n) for the best case and average case and O(n^2) for the worst case.5) What is tunnelling and tunnelling protocols? Explain their applications?Tunnelling is also known as port forwarding. These are the communication protocols which allow the secure data movement from one network to another network. Tunnelling enables communication from the private network which sent across the public network, and such process is called as encapsulation.In tunnelling process, data is converted into the form of packets, which travels through the tunnel. As data packets are moving through the tunnel, they got encrypted by the encapsulation process and when these packets reach the correct destination, then these packets are de-encapsulated and de-encrypted, and the packets again converted to the original data.Main tunnelling protocols are:PPTP: PPTP stands for the point-to-point tunnelling protocol. PPTP is available for Windows, Linux, and Mac. This protocol keeps data secure even in the public network. It works with the virtual private network which can be accessed by an authorized user.L2TP: L2TP stands for Layer 2 tunnelling protocol, which supports VPN. It depends on the encryption protocol for the encryption of data which passes through the tunnel.Application of tunnelling protocols:Tunnelling is used in cases where high-level security is required for data transmission over the network.It is helpful for encryption and decryption of data.6) Explain Polymorphism in Java?Polymorphism in Java is an important feature of Object Oriented Programming (OOP), which defines a single object with different forms. With the help of polymorphism, one action can be done in various ways.There are mainly two types of polymorphism in Java:Run-time polymorphismCompile-time polymorphismRun-time polymorphism: Method overriding is used to achieve Runtime polymorphism. It is also called Dynamic polymorphism or Dynamic method dispatch. In Run-time polymorphism, when we call an override method, it is resolved at run-time, hence it is called as run-time polymorphism.Compile-time polymorphism: Method Overloading is used to achieve the Compile time polymorphism. It is also called as Static polymorphism and when we call the method, it is resolved at compile time only. That's why it is called as Compile-time polymorphism.7) What do you understand by Pointer arithmetic in C?As we know Pointer is a variable which holds the address of another variable and that variable is a numeric value, so any arithmetic operation performed on a pointer is termed as pointer arithmetic. But we can only perform some limited arithmetic operations on the pointer, which are given below:IncrementDecrementAdditionSubtractionComparison8) Explain the difference between packet switching and circuit switching?The Packet switching and circuit switching both are the switching methods which are used to forward the data packets from the sender to receiver destination.The main differences between the Packet switching and circuit switching are given below:Packet SwitchingCircuit SwitchingIn packet switching, data is divided into small parts, termed as packets and then these packets are transmitted from source to destination.In circuit switching a physical path is established between two endpoints for data transmission.Packet switching is connectionlessCircuit Switching is connection oriented.Packet switching can be implemented at the network layer of the OSI model.Circuit switching can be implemented at the physical layer of the OSI model.It is mainly designed for data and voice communication.It is basically designed for voice communication.Congestion occurs at the time of data transfer phase.Congestion occurs at the time of connection establishment.9) What do you understand by CDMA?CDMA is the acronym for Code-division multiple access, is a standard for the wireless digital cellular network. CDMA is a type of multiplexer, where various transmitters can transmit information simultaneously over a single communication channel. CDMA uses spread-spectrum technology and special coding scheme for data transmission. Various protocols, which are used for 2G or 3G wireless communication, refer to CDMA.10) What do you understand by demodulating a signal?Demodulation of a signal is a method of extracting the original information of signal from a carrier wave. An electronic circuit which is used for demodulation is called as a demodulator.11) What do you understand by telecommunications?Telecommunication refers to the transmission of any signal, data or any type of information by physical or wireless medium over a significant distance. When the exchange of information between the sender and the receiver occurs with the help of technology, then it is known as telecommunication. In telecommunication there is a communication arrangement with a transmitter and a receiver. At any station, a device which combined the transmitter and receiver is termed as a transceiver.Basic Elements of Telecommunication System:Transmitter: Which takes the information and convert into the form of a signalTransmission medium: A medium over which signal travels it may be an optical fibre cable, or free space.Receiver: Which receives the signal and convert into a usable form.12) What are the various advantages of GSM?GSM is an acronym of Global System for Mobile communication. It defines the standard protocols for the second-generation digital cellular network used by mobile devices.Advantages of GSM:GSM allows a reliable and efficient way to transfer data. It also allows transferring text and pictures.GSM provides better security during the conversation. It ensures that only the caller and receiver are in conversation during a call.GSM provides the worldwide facility of calls and data transfer, but it may cost high on the international level.GSM cell phone has clear sound quality, as it filters background noise.13) What are the various applications of DSP?DSP is termed as Digital Signal Processing. It is a part of signal processing which is used to perform a variety of signal processing. DSP unit analyses and modifies a signal to increase its performance and efficiency.Various applications of DSP in communication:DSP is used in audio signal processing.DSP is used in encoding the waveforms.DSP is used for Audio compression.DSP is used for Digital image processing.DSP is used for speech processing.DSP is used in RADAR, biomedicine, weather forecasting, and many more applications.14) What do you understand by commands?Commands are the specific instructions given by the user to the computer?s operating system, to perform a particular task. We can input these commands using the command line interface provided by the operating system.15) Why we use Jump statement in C++?Jump statements are used to disturb the normal flow of program unconditionally. There are three types of Jump statements available in C++.BreakContinuegoto.16) What do you understand by MAC address?MAC address stands for "Media Access Control" Address is a unique identification hardware number, which uniquely identifies each device on a network. The MAC address is a computer's unique hardware number which can be determined by Ethernet or Wi-Fi card. A MAC address is of 64 or 48 bits, which is expressed in hexadecimal forms separated by colons such as 2AA:EF:EF3E:2A1B.17) What do you understand by nested loop?If a loop exists inside another loop, then it is termed as a nested loop. Or a loop within a loop is called a nested loop. When we use a nested loop in our code then control passes to the outer loop, then for first iteration it executes its following loop and other conditions and so on and repeats until the outer loop finishes.Syntax:for(int i=0; i
More detailsPublished - Mon, 05 Dec 2022
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About CompanyIntuit Inc. is a business and financial Software Company that creates and offers monetary, bookkeeping and duty planning programming and related administrations for small businesses, accountants and people. The organization was established in 1983, headquartered in Mountain View, California. Notwithstanding the United States, the organization has workplaces in eight nations around the world i.e. UK, Australia, France, Singapore, India, Brazil, Canada, and Israel.Intuit produces TurboTax, a customer tax application, the private company accounting program QuickBooks, professional tax solutions ProConnect Tax Online, ProSeries and Lacerate, and multiple payroll products.In June 2013, Intuit reported that it would sell its monetary administrations unit to private equity firm Thomas Bravo for $1.03 billion.In June 2015, Intuit laid off roughly 5% of its workforce as a component of reorganization.Play VideoxAs of May 2018, Intuit had more than US$5 billion in yearly income and a market capitalization of about US$50 billion.In August 2018, CEO Brad D. Smith declared that he would venture down as Intuit's CEO at the end of 2018. The organization declared that Sasan Goodarzi would turn into Intuit's CEO toward the start of 2019. Smith will remain executive of Intuit's leading group of directors.Eligibility Criteria:70 percent or above in B.Tech, Class X and XII.No backlog at the time of Interview.Recruitment Process:Intuit conducts 3 rounds to select fresher as Software Engineer in their organization.Written Round.Technical RoundHR RoundThe pattern of Written Exams:SectionsNo of QuestionAptitude25Technical35English20Total80The total time given to Question is 1 hour 20 minutes. There is no negative marking in the exam.Written Round: The Written Round consists of three major sections namely General Aptitude Test, Coding Test, and English Assessment Test. There is no timer as each question as the first round.Technical Round: In this round, you should be prepared with Data Structure, JAVA, Operating System, OOPs Concepts and updated technology like Python and Data Mining.HR RoundsSometimes they asked HR question like:Tell us about yourself.Why do you want to work for our company?What are your Strength and Weakness?What makes you angry?Question asked from Resume.How quickly do you adopt new technology?Question asked in IntuitWhat is the purpose of Exception Handling?What are the uses of Pointers?Define fully functional Dependency.Differentiate between Structure and Union.Define B tree.What are the advantages of Data Warehouse?Differentiate between DBMS and RDBMS.What do you understand by asymptotic notation?What is singleton Class?Can we have Private Constructor in java?Intuit Aptitude QuestionsCompound Interest-Data Sufficiency1) What will be the compound interest earned on a sum of Rs. 5000 in 2 years?(i). the simple interest on the equal sum at the same rate of interest in 5 years is Rs. 2000.(ii). the compound interest and the simple interest collect in one year is the same.(iii). the amount becomes more than double on compound interest in 10 years.I onlyI and II onlyII and III only.I and III only.Show Answer2) Two candidates came to an examination. One of them gets 9 marks more than the other and his marks were 56% of the number of their marks. The marks accomplish by them are:49, 4042, 3341, 42None of these.Show Answer3) The differentiate among a two-digit number and the number collect by interchanging the positions of its digits is 36. What are the differences amongst the two digits of that number?456can't determine.Show Answer4) The differentiate amongst a two-digit number and the number collect by interchanging the digits is 36. What are the differences amongst the sum and the difference of the integer of the number if the ratio between the digits of the number is 1: 2?4816NoneShow Answer5) The investor's discount on Rs. 1600 at 15% per annum is the equal as a true discount on Rs. 1680 for a similar time and at an equal rate. The time is:3 months4 months7 months8 monthsShow Answer6) In covering a distance of 30 km, Abhay takes 2 hours greater than Sameer. If Abhay extends his speed, then he would take 1 hour less than Sameer. Abhay's speed is:5 km/hr.6 km/hr7 km/hr8 km/hrShow Answer7) By using his bicycle, Robert has reached to point A at 2 P.M. if he travels at 10 kmph. He will reach there at 12 noon, if he travels at 15 kmph. At what speed must he journey to reach A at 1 P.M.?10 km/hr.12 km/hr14 km/hr.None of these.Show Answer8) Two trains are running at 40 km/hr and 20 km/hr respectively in the same line. Fast train absolutely passes a man sitting on the slower train in 5 seconds. What is the length of the fast train?A.23m27m27 7/9mNoneShow Answer9) A man purchases a book for Rs.29.50 and offers it for Rs 31.10. Discover his gain percent.8.1%5.4%9.8%2.4%Show Answer10) Two stations A and B are 110 km apart on a horizontal line. One train begins from A at 7 a.m. and travels towards B at 20 km ph. Another train begins from B at 8 a.m. and travels towards A at a speed of 25 km ph. At what time will they meet?9 am10 am10.30 am11 amShow Answer11) There are two examinations class A and B. If 10 candidates are appointed from A to B, then the number of candidates in each room is the same. If 20 candidates are appointed from B to A, then the number of students in A is double the number of students in B. The number of students in room A is:204010080Show Answer12) An amount of Rs. 1360 has been divided between A, B and C such that A gets 2/3 of what B gets and B gets 1/4 of what C gets. B's share is:120140160None of these.Show Answer13) What percent is 2 minutes 24second of an hour?2%4%6%8%Show Answer14) The ratio of investment of A: B is 8:7 and the ratio of year-end profits is 20:21. If B invested for 12 months, then find the period of investment of A.8 month.6 month.10 month.12 month.Show Answer15) A boat running upstream takes 8 hours 48 minutes to cover a specific distance, while it takes 4 hours to cover a similar distance running downstream. What is the proportion between the speed of the boat and the speed of the water current and flow individually?2: 13: 28: 3Can't be resolvedNone of theseShow Answer16) A man pushes downstream 30 km and upstream 18 km, taking 5 hours each time. What is the speed of the stream (current)?1.2 km/hr1.7 km/hr2.8 km/hr4.8 km/hr.Show Answer17) A man wants to sell his scooter. There are two proposals; one at Rs. 12,000 amount and the other a credit of Rs. 12,880 to be paid after 8 months. The current interest rate for money is 18% per annum. Which is the better proposal?Rs 12000 in cash.Rs 12000 in creditBoth are equally goodNone of these.Show Answer18) Goods were acquired for Rs. 600 and sold the equal for Rs. 688.50 at a credit of 9 months and thus profit 2%.The rate of interest per annum is:16 2/3%15 1/3%14 1/3%NoneShow Answer19) Look at this set: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27, what integer should come next?12141618Show Answer20) Choose odd one.1, 4, 9, 16, 20, 36, 49110209Show Answer21) A can contain a combination of two liquids A and B in the proportion of 7: 5. When 9 liters of dough are drawn off and the can is filled with B, the ratio of A and B becomes 7: 9. How many liters of liquid A were contained by the can initially?10202125Show Answer22) A milk dealer has 2 bottles of milk. The first contains 25% water and the rest milk. The second contains 50% water. How much milk should he combine from each of the containers so as to get 12 liters of milk such that the ratio of water to milk is 3: 5?6 liters, 6 liters.6 liters, 5 liters.5 liters, 6 liters.None.Show Answer23) A is twice as fast as B is thrice as fast as C. The journey covered by C in 42 minutes, then what will be the time taken by A?21 min64 min17 min40 minShow AnswerIntuit Technical Questions1) Find out the Output of the Program: #include int main () { int a=300,b, c; if (a>=400) b=300; c=200; printf ("%d %d\n",b, c); return 0;}B will contain some garbage value and c will equal to 200.C will contain some garbage value and b will equal to 300.No ErrorNone of these.Show Answer2) Find out the Output of the Program:#include int main(){ int a=500,b,c; if (a>=400) b=300; c=200; printf ("%d %d\n",b,c); return 0;}200, 300300, 200No OutputNone of these.Show Answer3) Find out the error of the program:#includeint main(){ int j=10,k=12; { { k=j; j=k; } } return 0;}No ErrorThere should be at least semicolon in main () method.None of Above.Show Answer4) Find out the error of the program:#includeint main(){ int i=1; for (;;) { Printf ("%d\n", i++); If (i>10) break; } return 0;}There should be a condition in for loopThe two semicolons should be discarded.No Error.None of above.Show Answer5) Find out the Output of the Program:#includeint main(){ int x=4,y,z; y=--x; z=x--; printf ("%d %d %d\n", x ,y ,z);}2 3 33 2 32 2 3None of AboveShow Answer6) The result of evaluating the postfix expression 5, 4, 6, +, *, 4, 9, 3, /, +, * is?600350650588Show Answer7) In linked list, individual node contains a minimum of two fields. One field is data field to save the data second field is?Pointer to characterPointer to integerPointer to nodeNodeShow Answer8) A normal queue, if actualize using an array of size MAX_SIZE, gets full whenRear = MAX_SIZE - 1Front = (rear + 1) mod MAX_SIZEFront = rear + 1Rear = frontShow Answer9) Given is the Node class implementation. Select one of the following that correctly inserts a node at the tail of the list.public class My Class{ Protected int data; Protected Node prev; Protected Node next; public Node (int data) { this. data = data; prev = null; next = null; } public Node (int data, Node prev, Node next) { this. data = data; this.prev = prev; this. next = next; } public int get Data() { return data; } public void set Data(int data) { this. data = data; } Public Node getPrev () { return prev; } public void setPrev (Node prev) { this. Prev = prev; } public Node get Next { return next; } public void set Next(Node next) { this. next = next; }}public class DLL{ Protected Node head; Protected Node tail; int length; public DLL () { head = new Node (Integer.MIN_VALUE, null, null); tail = new Node (Integer.MIN_VALUE, null,null); head.setNext (tail); Length = 0; }}public void insert Rear (int data){ Node node = new Node (data, tail.getPrev (), tail); node.getPrev ().set Next (node); tail.setPrev (node); Length++;}public void insert Rear (int data){ Node node = new Node (data, tail.getPrev (), tail); node.getPrev ().get Prev ().set Next (node); tail.setPrev (node); Length++;}public void insert Rear (int data){ Node node = new Node (data, tail. Get Prev (), tail); node.getPrev ().set Next (tail); tail.setPrev (node); Length++;}public void insert Rear (int data){ Node node = new Node (data, head, tail); node.getPrev ().set Next (node); tail.setPrev (node); Length++;}Show Answer10) Which of following function make use of Circular Linked list?Undo Operation in a text editor.Recursive function calls.Allocating CPU to resources.None of Above.Show Answer11) In linked list implementation of a queue, front and rear pointers are followed. Which of those pointers will modify until an insertion into a NONEMPTY queue?Only front pointerOnly rear pointerBoth front and rear pointerNone of the mentionedShow Answer12) How do you allocate a matrix using a single pointer in C?(r and c are the integers of rows and columns respectively)int *arr = malloc(r * c * size of(int));int *arr = (int *) malloc (r * c * size of(int));int *arr = (int *)malloc(r + c * size of(int));int *arr = (int *)malloc(r * c * size of (arr));Show Answer13) What is the disadvantage of matrices?Internal complexitySearching through a matrix is complexNot space efficientAll of the aboveShow Answer14) What does the following declaration mean?int (*ptr)[10];ptr is an array of pointer to 10 integers.ptr is a pointer to an array of 10 numbersptr is an array of 10 integers.None of above.Show Answer15) Is it possible to implore Garbage Collector explicitly?yesNoShow Answer16) Is it possible for you to prevent an object from being created by using zero-argument constructors?yesNoShow Answer17) Would you be able to consolidate the accompanying two statements into one?Char *p;p = (char*) malloc (100);char p = *malloc (100);char *p = (burn) malloc (100);char *p = (char*) malloc (100);char *p = (burn *) (malloc*) (100);Show Answer18) Which of the statement is right about the program?#includeint primary(){ int i=10; int *j=&i; return 0;}j and I are pointers to an inti is a pointer to an int and stores address of jj is a pointer to an int and stores address of Ij is a pointer to a pointer to an int and stores address of IShow Answer19) What type of join is utilized when you wish to add rows that do not have identical values?Equi JoinNatural JoinOuter JoinAll of the above.Show Answer20) Which of the following is true regarding system data in an RDBMS?RDBMS saved database definition information in system-created tables.This data can be accessed using SQL.This data often cannot be updated by a user.All of the above.Show Answer21) Data scrubbing is which of the following?A process to deny data from the data warehouse and to create the necessary indexes.A process to contents the data in the data warehouse and to create the necessary indexes.A process to enhance the quality of information after it is changed into a data warehouse.A process to enhance the quality of data before it is changed into a data warehouse.Show Answer22) An operational system is which of the following?A system that is used to bind the business in real time and is based on historical data.A system that is used to bind the business in real time and is based on current data.A system that is used to support the decision making and is based on current data.All of the above.Show Answer23) Data in operational systems are consistently fragmented and inconsistent.TrueFalseShow Answer24) Every key utilized to join the fact table with a dimensional table will be a surrogate key.TrueFalseShow Answer25) What does FSF stand for?Free Software FileFile Server FirstFree Software FoundationNone of above.Show Answer26) What command is used to count just the number of lines contained in a file?wc - rwc-wwc-INone of aboveShow Answer27) Which class network is used for a collection of a small number of networks with a large number of nodes?Class AClass BClass CClass DAll of aboveShow Answer28) What does OSS stand for?Open System SoftwareOriginal Source SoftwareOpen Source SoftwareNone of above.Show Answer29) The command chmod 761 letter is equal tochmod 4=7, g = 6, o = 1 letterchmod a = 761 letterchmod u = rwx, g = rw, o = x letterNone of aboveShow Answer30) What command is used with vi editors to move forward to the end of a word?cdbeShow Answer31) Which command is used to display the top of the file?catheadmoreNone of aboveShow Answer32) Which command is used to copy all files having the string chap and any two characters after that to the programs directory?A.cp chap?? Progscp chap* progscp chap?? /progs/*None of aboveShow Answer33) In which of the storage placement strategies a program is placed in the largest available hole in the main memory?best fitworst fitbuddyNoneShow Answer34) In analyzing the compilation of PL/I program, the term "Machine independent optimization" is associated withrecognition of basic syntactic constructs through reductions.recognition of basic elements and establishment of uniform symbols.creational of the more optional matrix.NoneShow Answer35) If special forms are needed for printing the output, the programmer specifies these forms through?JCLJPLLoad ModulesNoneShow AnswerEnglish QuestionsOrdering of sentences: Here, S1 is the first sentence and S6 is the final.1) S1: And then Gandhi came.P: Get off the backs of these laborers and specialists, he let us know, all you who live by their abuse.Q: He resembled a great current of natural air, similar to a light emission, similar to a tornado that bombshell numerous things.R: He talked their language and always does their consideration regarding their shocking conditions.S: He didn't plummet from the best; he appeared to rise up out of the majority of India.S6: Political opportunity took new shape and after that gained another substance.The Proper sentence should to be:QSRPSRQPRSQPPRSQShow Answer2) S1: Biological development has not fitted man to a particular situation.P: It is in no way, shape or form an organic development, yet it is a social one.Q: His creative ability, his reason, his passionate nuance and strength, makes it feasible for him not to acknowledge nature but rather to change.R: And that arrangement of developments by which man from age by age has reshaped his condition is an alternate sort of advancement.S: among the huge number of creatures which hasten, tunnel swim around us he is in the special case who isn't secured to his condition.S6: That splendid arrangement of social pinnacles can most suitably be named the rising of man.The Proper sentence should to be:QPRSSRQPQRSPSQRPShow Answer3) S1: The dictionary is the closest companion of you assignment.P: That may not be conceivable dependably.Q: It is wise to find it instantly.R: Then it must be solidly composed on the memory and followed at the primary chance.S: Never enable an interesting word to pass unchallenged.S6: soon you will understand this is an energizing undertaking.The Proper sentence should to be:PQRSSPQRQRPSSQPRShow Answer4) S1: In 1934, William Golding distributed a little volume of poems.P: During the World War II (1939-45) he joined the Royal Navy and was available at the sinking of the Bismarck.Q: He came back to educating in 1945 and surrendered it in 1962, and is currently full time water.R: In 1939, he wedded and began instructing at Bishop Wordsworth School in Salisbury.S: At first his books were not acknowledged.S6: But the Lord of the records which turned out in 1954 was invited as "a most retaining and informative story".The Proper sentence should to be:RPQSRPSQSRPQSQPRShow AnswerChange of Speech:5) He shouted with delight that India had won the Sahara Cup.He said, "India has won the Sahara Cup"He said, "India won the Sahara Cup"He said, "How! India will win the Sahara Cup"He said, "Hurrah! India has won the Sahara Cup"Show Answer6) The young lady said to her mom, "Did the sun rise in the East?"The young lady said to her mom that the sun rose in the East.The young lady asked as to whether the sun rose in the East.The young lady said to her mom if the sun rises in the East.The young lady asked as to whether the sun is in the East.Show Answer7) The man said, "No, I declined to presents blame."The man emphatically declined to presents blame.The man declined to presents his blame.The man told that he didn't presents blame.The man was sufficiently enough to presents blame.Show AnswerCompleting Statement8) With incredible endeavors his child prevailing with regards to persuading him not to give his whole riches to an Orphanage.and lead the life of a well off shipperbut to a home for the spurned kidsand make a orphan of himselfas the shelter required a considerable measure of giftsas the shelter had been set up by himShow Answer9) He generally stammers in public meeting, however his the present discourse.was genuinely capable of being heard to everybody present in the corridorwas not got tastefullycould not be seen legitimatelywas not enjoyed by the gathering of peoplewas free from that deformityShow Answer10) despite the fact that it is vast house,there is a great deal of room accessible in it for youngstersthere is not really any space accessible for youngstersthere is no deficiency of room for kidsthe workers set aside a long opportunity to clean itthe civil charges on it are exceptionally cheerfulShow AnswerTechnical Interview Questions1) What is the purpose of Exception Handling?The purpose of exception handling is providing means to detect and report exceptional circumstances so that appropriate action can be taken.2) Differentiate between Throw and Throws.ThrowThrows1. Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.1. Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception.2. A Throw is followed by an instance.2. Throws are followed by a class.3. A Throw is used within the method.3. Throws are used within method signature.4. You cannot throw multiple exceptions.4. You can declare multiple exceptions e.g. public void method () throws IO Exceptions, SQL Exceptions.3) What are the uses of Pointers?Access the address of variables, array elements, and objects.Pass function as arguments to a function.Create dynamic objects.Obtain memory from the system.4) What is Polymorphism?Polymorphism refers to the ability of one thing to take many distinct forms.There are two types of Polymorphism:Compile Time Polymorphism (Static Binding): Static Binding means that code associated with the function call is linked at compile time. Static Binding is also known as Compile time polymorphism.Runtime Polymorphism (Dynamic Binding): Dynamic means that code associated with the function call is linked at run-time. Dynamic Binding is also known as Runtime polymorphism.5) What is Encapsulation?The wrapping up of data and function into each unit is known as Encapsulation.6) Differentiate between Structure and Union.StructureUnion1. The keyword struct is needed to define a structure.1. The keyword union is needed to define a structure.2. In structure, each memory has its own storage location.2. In Union, all memory of union uses the same location.3. An Individual member can be accessed at a time.3. Only one member can be accessed at a time.7) Define fully functional Dependency.In a relation R, an attribute Y is said to be fully functional dependent on attribute X. It is functionally dependent on X and not functionally dependent on any proper subset of X.8) Define B-treeA B-tree is a balanced M way tree. A node of the B tree may contain many keys and pointer to children.A B-tree of order m is an M way tree that satisfies the following condition:All leaf nodes are on the same level.The root node has at least 2 children and at most m children.All internal nodes have at least (mdiv2) children and at most m children.The number of data items stored in each node is one less than the number of children.Fig shows the B-tree of order 3A B-Tree is also known as Balanced Sort tree.9) What is Object-Oriented Data Model?An Object-Oriented Data Model is a logical organization of the real World objects constraints on them and the relationship among objects.An Object-Oriented Data Model consists of:Static properties such as objects, attributes, and relationships.Integrity rules over objects and operations andDynamic properties such as an operation on rules defining new database states based on applied state changes.10) What is the disadvantage of OODBMS?The Disadvantage of OODBMS are:Lack of ad-hoc queries.Lack of Universal Data Model.Lack of support for views and Security.Query Optimization compromises encapsulation.11) What is Data warehouse?"A data warehouse can be defined as any centralized data repository which can be queried for business profit".12. What are the advantages of Data Warehouse?The Main advantage of data warehousing are:High return on investment.More cost-effective decision making.Competitive advantage.Enhanced Customer Service.Business and Information Reengineering.13. What are the limitations of warehouses?Some limitation of Data warehousing is:High Cost.High maintenance cost.The Complexity of Integration.Increased end user demands.14) Differentiate between DBMS and RDBMS.DBMSRDBMS1. Concepts of relationship are missing.1. Based on Concepts of relationship.2. Very less hardware and Software needed.2. Very high hardware and Software needed.3. Very slow speed.3. Very high speed.4. Uses the concept of files.4. Uses the concept of tables.5.DOS platform is used5. DOS, UNIX, and WINDOW Platform are used.6. E.g. are Dbase and FoxBASE.6. E.g. are Oracle, Focus and Ingres etc.15) What is Data structure?A Data structure is a method for arranging the information with the goal that the information can be utilized effectively. Various types of Data structures are suited to various types of utilizations and some are profoundly specialized to specific tasks.16) What is the need of an Algorithm?To understand the basic idea of the problem.To find the approach to solve the problem.To improve the efficiency of existing techniques.To understand the principle of designing.17) What do you understand by asymptotic notation?Asymptotic notations are used to write fastest and slowest possible running time for an algorithm. These are also referred to as 'best case 'and 'worst case' scenarios respectively. "In asymptotic notations, we derive the complexity in terms of the size of the input. (Example in terms of n)""These notations are important because without expanding the cost of running the algorithm, we can estimate the complexity of the algorithms"18) Differentiate between NULL and VOIDNull is a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier. A variable that is given a Null value indicates an empty value. The void is used to identify pointers as having no initial size.19) What is singleton Class?Singleton Class limited the number to one but allowing the flexibility to create more object if the situation changes.20) Can we have Private Constructor in java?Private Constructor is used if you do not want other class to instantiate the object. Private Constructor is used in Singleton design Pattern, Factory Method Design Pattern.HR Questions1) Tell me about yourselfMy name is Ginni Bhatia. I am from Haryana. I have done Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering. I did my academic project on technologies like machine learning and Python. I am good in java, and C programming language. As my family background is considered, we are 4 members in the family. My father is an electronic shopkeeper, my mother is a homemaker, and I have one sibling. My strength is that I am a self-learner & have a positive mind. My weakness is, I don't take rest until my work is finished.2) Why do you want to work for our company?It is a great honor for me to work in a prestigious company which helps me for a better career.3) What software packages are you familiar with?I have a good knowledge of SQL Server, MySQL, LINUX, UNIX, DATA WAREHOUSE, DATA MINING, JAVA etc.4) How much Salary do you expect?I can expect something which I can meet my expenses.5) Can you work under pressure?Yes, because it motivates me to do my best.6) What is the difference between Confidence and Over-Confidence?Confidence- I can do it.Over-Confidence: Only I can do it.7) What is the difference between hard work and smart work?Hard work is very necessary for your life because without hard work, you can't be able to do smart work.8) Who has inspired you in your life and why?My mother is my inspiration because she always shows me the way to live. She always guides me to achieve success in every matter of my life.9) What are your Strength and weakness?My strength is that I am honest, sincere, and responsible. My weakness is that I am lazy.10) What makes you angry?I am getting angry when someone putting me down.
More detailsPublished - Mon, 05 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
About the Company: SpaceXSpaceX is a private American company also known as Space Exploration Technologies Corp. It is headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It is founded in 2002 by Entrepreneur and CEO of the company, Elon Musk and currently has more than 6000 employees. SpaceX is famous for designing, manufacturing, and launching of advanced rockets and spacecraft. The main goal of the foundation of SpaceX was to reduce the cost of space transportation and enable people to live on other planets. SpaceX has successfully developed the Falcon launch family and dragon spacecraft family, and at present, both are working to deliver payloads into Earth Orbit.Achievements of SpaceXSpaceX manufactured the first liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit which was privately funded.SpaceX manufactured the first privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit.SpaceX is the first private company which has successfully launched orbit and also recovered a spacecraft.SpaceX is the first company, which has sent a spacecraft to the International Space station.SpaceX is the first company, which has sent a satellite into geosynchronous orbit.SpaceX was the first private company, which has successfully occurred the landing of an orbital rocket's first stage on land.SpaceX has launched world's most powerful operational rocket named as Falcon heavy in 2018.Key people:Founder and CEO: Elon MuskPresident: Gwynne ShotwellCTO(Chief Technology Officer): Tom MuellerKey Products:Falcon Launch VehiclesDragon CapsulesMerlinRaptor and KestrelRocket enginesASDS landing platformWorking Environment of the SpaceX:SpaceX is one of the great company to work. It has a unique mission where people work to become part of the great history. SpaceX provides a smooth environment to their employees. If anyone joins the SpaceX, then he/she got an opportunity to work with the best engineers in the US. SpaceX provides great facilities for their employees. The communication hierarchy is very simple. Any employee can communicate with other employees as well as managers or CEO for a valid purpose.Play VideoxHow to apply and who can apply for SpaceX?SpaceX provides two ways to work with their company, and there are several positions for which one can apply according to their skill-sets.The two ways to get job in SpaceX:Full-time JobInternshipFor both job types candidate can apply online through the link https://www.spacex.com/careers. By this link, one can check and apply for the current opening and opportunities in SpaceX. Once you apply for SpaceX and if your resume got selected, they will start your recruitment process.Once you applied for SpaceX, you might have to wait for the long time of 2-5 months approx. Sometimes, you also get a chance after 2-3 weeks, but the candidate has to be patient.SpaceX Recruitment ProcessThe recruitment process of SpaceX is very much different and it is one of the difficult recruitment processes. SpaceX has a very typical hiring strategy as they wanted one of the top talents across the world to work with them. The Whole process consists of several rounds and candidate has to give his best for every round. So, the candidate needs to prepare himself very well for the selection in SpaceX.Following are the rounds which candidate need to go through for final selection.First screening round starts where HR team select a much suitable resume out of the piles of applied resumes.If Resume gets chosen, then applicants have to give second screening round which includes two to four telephonic interviews including with Coding MCQ.If candidate clears the second screening round, then he got invited for the interview in SpaceX campus.The Candidate now goes through the 7-8 face to face interview sessions.After face-to-face interviews, there is one presentation round, in which candidate need to give a presentation on their projects.After the presentation, there will be an engineering test, based on the fundamental questions.In the whole process, if a single person has any doubt for selecting that candidate, then the process stops at that point and candidate sent back.Sample C/C++ MCQ1) Find the output for the following code:#includeint main(){ int x = 67,*m = &x; int *n=m; char *t=n; printf("%c %d",*t, *n);}C 67Compile time errorC CNo outputShow Answer2) Find the output for following code:#includeint main() {int b=5;b = printf("Quiz On");printf(" ");printf("%d", b);return 0;}Compile time error5Quiz On 5Quiz On 7Show Answer3) Find the output for the following code:#include using namespace std;int main(){ char arr[11] = "Hello world"; cout 15,1616,1717,1817,17Show Answer8) Find the output for the following code:int main (){ int x = 10; double y; printf ("%d", sizeof (++x + y--)); printf (" %d ", x);return 0;}8 1110 108 10None of the aboveShow Answer9) Find the output for the following code:#includeint main(){int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60};int *p= (int*)(&arr+1);printf("%d ", *(p-1) );return 0;}106020Compile time errorShow Answer10) Find the output for the following code:#include int * arr[10];int main(){if(*(arr+4) == *(arr+8)){printf("Pointer array are equal");}else{printf("Pointer array are Not Equal");}return 0;}Pointer array are equalPointer array are not equalCompile time errorRun time error.Show AnswerTechnical Interview QuestionsThe technical questions of SpaceX are very tricky so, candidates must have a good knowledge of the position and related technologies, for which they have applied. As there are various face-to-face interview rounds so different interviewer can ask different types of questions. The types of questions can also vary as per different positions. SpaceX provides lots of career path for different roles.A list of some interview questions with answers for the preparation of the interview.1) Write a program to reverse the words using an array?#include #include void main() { int i, j = 0, k = 0, x, size; char arr[100]={"This is reversing the words"}; char arr1[10][20], temp; //2d-array for (i = 0;arr[i] != '\0'; i++) { if (arr[i] == ' ') //for checking space { arr1[k][j]='\0'; k++; j=0; } else { arr1[k][j]=arr[i]; j++; } } arr1[k][j] = '\0'; /* reverses each word of a given string */ for (i = 0;i 18) Describe your Projects?The answer to the above question will be different for each candidate. The interviewer wants a detailed explanation of the projects which have candidates have already performed. The Candidate needs to have a good knowledge for every project of the technology which he has used, a concept which he has used and even every small knowledge of the project is required.19) How will you find a loop in a singly linked list?/*pro public class Detectloop{ private Node head; private static class Node { private int value; private Node next; Node(int value) { this.value = value; } } public void addtoList(Node node) { if (head == null) { head = node; } else { Node temp = head; while (temp.next != null) temp = temp.next; temp.next = node; } } public void printList() { Node temp = head; while (temp != null) { System.out.format("%d ", temp.value); temp = temp.next; } System.out.println(); } public boolean ifLoopExists() { Node fastPtr = head; Node slowPtr = head; while (fastPtr != null && fastPtr.next != null) { fastPtr = fastPtr.next.next; slowPtr = slowPtr.next; if (slowPtr == fastPtr) return true; } return false; } public static void main(String[] args) { Detectloop dl = new Detectloop(); // Creating a linked list Node loopNode=new Node(12); dl.addtoList(new Node(10)); dl.addtoList(new Node(8)); dl.addtoList(loopNode); dl.addtoList(new Node(5)); dl.addtoList(new Node(4)); dl.printList(); // creating a loop dl.addtoList(loopNode); // Test if loop existed or not System.out.println("Cycle exist in list-->" + dl.ifLoopExists()); } } Output:10 8 12 5 4 Cycle exist in list-->true 20) Is it possible to go to an infinite loop for the following program? void fun( int* arr , int arr_size ) int i = 0; for( ; i "I have won the award for the innovative employee of the month in my last company. We have given a project, which was needed great innovation for the accomplishment of that project, and I decided to be the leader for that, and I with my team have successfully completed that project, and also that was one the of the best project of the company."13) How would you inspire and encourage ideas in others?The interviewer wants to check your leadership qualities and thinking capability by this question. This is the quality which makes you different from others and also opens a door for some new opportunity in the future. This should be answered in a very innovative way. One of the possible answers to this question is following."If I get a chance to inspire or encourage ideas in others, then I will encourage other people to be creative for their work and will make a platform on which they can present their ideas, and I will also praise for their efforts publicly, which will motivate them and inspire others."14) At SpaceX, confidentially is most significant for us. If you get hired would you sign a confidential agreement with us?Confidentiality is very important rule for SpaceX, so interviewer will ensure whether you are ready to follow such type of rules or not. So before answering this question, candidate should ensure themselves to follow these rules. Candidate can answer this question in following way:"As I am very loyal for my work so, I will also be loyal for my employer, and if I get hired, I will surely sign a confidential agreement with SpaceX without any trouble."15) Do you think that you have progressed in your career according to your expectations?This is the little tricky question as by this interviewer will check your career goals and how long you want to go in your career. This question can be answered by telling about your achievements and further goals.16) In your opinion, what makes us more powerful than others?Before applying for any company, you must have a deep search for the company only then you can answer this, by this question interviewer want to know that how much you know about the company, what are their specialities which makes them different and more powerful than others."As SpaceX has a very different vision of creating the spacecraft more efficient with less cost, and SpaceX is preparing a tour for people to the Mars, and the SpaceX has the world['s best talent which is like armed force which is prepared to do their best. All these things makes SpaceX more powerful than others."17) How you get interested to work with SpaceX?When we started to apply for such a big company, we must have a vision and also something which generates enthusiasm and motivation to work with such companies. Everyone has some vision which generates interest to work with the SpaceX. This can be answered by following way:"When I was a kid, I always being very excited when I heard about galaxies, planets, and astronauts. This excitement got increased day by day, and I started to search about those things on internet. After my Intermediate I did engineering with astronomy, and then I heard about SpaceX, at that time only I decided to work with SpaceX, and now I am here to live my dream."18) What is your unique work style/ what would be your strategy for a task?By above question, interviewer wants to know how efficiently you can perform a given task and what your approach for doing a task is. By answering this question in unique way candidate can impact a good impression."My work Strategy for doing any task is little bit different, I prefer to do work by enjoying it, which increases my efficiency. Firstly, I prioritize the tasks and start doing task with one by one, if I face any issue in some task even after I tried my best for that then I take some rest and think about what is exactly the issue after finding the solution, I restart my work and do it in more efficient way. I set a goal for every task with time duration and always try to achieve that goal before the completion of time."19) If you have a choice, then which type of task would you select to do at last?"If I would have a choice I would select a task for last, which will require more time but not require much energy and knowledge."20) We have a policy of background verification for employees, which includes criminal background verification, educational verification, and prior experience verification, are you willing to comply with us?Nowadays, every company has such policy of background verification, to ensure that there should not be any criminal background and all the required documents are correct or not. And to comply with this is not an issue."Sure, I will comply for background verification, and I think this is also required for every company to know about their employees, to who they hire, and I don't have any issue with this."Some other questions generally asked in SpaceX interview:We have strong competitors in this industry so, according to you in which part we should improve ourselves to be a top rated company?How much innovative you are and how it can be helpful for your work to improve your performance?There are lots of skills which are required for this role and I have just checked your resume but you don't have those skills. How will you learn those skills?There are various career paths available in SpaceX. For which career path you are most interested?Have you ever shown your leadership ability, when you were not a leader?How do you want to be recognized for your accomplishment in SpaceX?How do you think that your prior experience will help you in this position?We only hire a candidate with experience in aerospace engineering at SpaceX. In which industry you are more experienced, public or private?Are you able to work for 60 hours in a Week?If you will be hired, can you work overtime?
More detailsPublished - Mon, 05 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
Once the CEO of Amazon, Jeff Bezos said, "I'd rather interview 50 people and not hire anyone than hire the wrong person."You can understand the quality of the recruitment process of Amazon by the statement of their CEO. It doesn't mean Amazon wants you to fail. Instead, it simply means they only want to hire people who prove themselves worthy.In this article, we will explain the interview process of Amazon, the technical topics you have to prepare for discussion, and how to answer the interview questions asked by the interviewer.Amazon's Interview ProcessThere will be a total of 5 rounds (1 online coding test + 4 interview rounds) in the whole process.69M1.1KHello Java Program for BeginnersRound 1 (Online coding test Round)This test contains two coding questions for which you have to be given 2 hours to solve. You also have to submit the approach used for solving in words and your algorithm's time and space complexity.Round 2 (Technical Round)You will get 2 to 4 coding questions that focus on basic problem solving and data structures in this round. The questions may vary according to your experience level. The less experienced you are, the more number of coding rounds you will face.Round 3 (Design Interview Round)In this round, the candidate may ask a question on high-level design architecture for real-life products and OOPS-based design of components. The company may skip this round for entry-level openings for the software engineering role.Round 4 (Hiring Manager Round)This hiring manager round is used to test for cultural fit based on attitude and previous work experience. In this round, the candidate is asked about the general HR questions and the previous company's experience. The interviewer may discuss your projects in the previous company and ask some behavioral questions based on those experiences.Round 5 (Bar Raiser Round)This is the last interview round called the optional bar raiser round, which combines all of the above. Here, a senior engineering manager can ask about your previous works and again ask some behavioral questions. The idea is to judge if you are technically better than an average person in a particular Amazon team.Technical topics you must prepare for Amazon's Interview.Programming LanguageAmazon doesn't ask for specialization in any specific programming language before attending an interview for a tech position. But you must be familiar with the syntax of languages such as C/C++, Java, Python, C# or Ruby. You should also know how memory management works or the most commonly used collections, libraries, etc.Data StructuresThis is the most important technical topic you should prepare for. Most of the work Amazon do involve storing and providing access to data in efficient ways. So you must have a good knowledge and understanding of the inner workings of common data structures and compare and contrast their use in various applications.AlgorithmsYou must have the knowledge and a good understanding of the most common algorithms such as traversals, divide and conquer, breadth-first search vs. depth-first search etc. and make sure you understand the trade-offs for each. Please focus on the learning of implementation strategies of different classes of algorithms rather than memorizing them.CodingYou may be asked to write syntactically correct code rather than pseudocode. Try to write code without an IDE. It would be best if you practiced coding with a pen and paper. It will be helpful at the time of the interview. The company prefers the candidate who writes scalable, robust and well-tested code. These are the main evaluation criteria for your code.Object-oriented DesignObject-oriented design is the best practice to write good software because good software design is critical to success. Your software needs to be extensible and maintainable. So, you should have a working knowledge of a few common and useful design patterns and know how to write software in an object-oriented way.DatabasesThe company prefers candidates who have a good knowledge of the non-relational database. Amazon has developed Amazon Web Services such as DynamoDB so that their developer community can easily leverage the benefits of non-relational databases. So, it is good if you know relational and non-relational databases.Operating SystemsThe candidate must be familiar with some Operating System topics to enhance the performance of the code. (e.g. memory management, processes, threads, synchronization, paging and multithreading).Internet TopicsYou must know the fundamentals of the internet, such as how browsers function at a high level, from DNS lookups and TCP/IP to socket connections.Basic Machine learning and Artificial IntelligenceYou must have basic knowledge of machine learning and artificial intelligence such as data-driven modeling, train/test protocols, error analysis and statistical significance. It would help if you visited your Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence textbooks to prepare for these topics.Some examples of technical Interview QuestionsThere are two integer arrays A and B, of size N given. There are N gas stations along a circular route, where the amount of gas at station i is A[i]. You have a car with an unlimited gas tank, and it costs B[i] of gas to travel from station i to its next station (i+1). You begin the journey with an empty tank at one of the gas stations.Return the minimum starting gas station's index if you can travel around the circuit once, otherwise return -1.You can only travel in one direction. i to i+1, i+2, … n-1, 0, 1, 2.. Completing the circuit means starting at i and ending up at i again.The question says that we have two arrays of int. The first one is cost, and another one is gas. We have a car and need to travel to "n" places where n is the above two arrays' length.Now, according to the question, we can start from a point. Let's say 3, so that means to reach the next point, we need gas greater than the cost at 3.See the example:Suppose the gas array is: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}And the cost arrays is: {3, 4, 5, 1, 2}Here, we can see that the 3rd term from gas is: 4 (Index starts from 0).And the same for the cost is 1, so to go for the 5th position our gas should be greater than the cost. As we can see in this case, it is as 4 > 1.Here you see that this much gas is used to go to the next point. Even after reaching there, you will leave with 3 gas as 4-1=3.So, at the next point, you will initially have 3 units of gas.Now, the question is asking from which point we should start so that we can traverse all the points.Now, let's take the gas array and cost array as following:gas = {1,2}cost= {2,1}Now, let's start from the first element that is index 0.So, the gas in our car after first travel will be = gas[0]-cost[0] = 1-2=-1.Since it would be a negative number, that means we can't traverse using the 0 index.Now, let's start from the second element, that is the index 1;The gas in our car after first travel will be = gas[1]-cost[1]=2-1=1.We have left with 1 unit of gas, after that we will come to the 0th index so we will be having = 1+gas[0]-cost[0]=1+1-2=0So, that means we will be able to complete our journey from the 1 index.So, there are two ways to solve this problem:The first solution would be to use two loops and check whether the index exists but will take higher time and O(n²) time complexity.Another way to solve this problem is to follow the steps given below:Take a variable start and initialize it to 0, and another variable end and then initialize it to 1.We will loop from start to end and keep increment end until it reaches the same value as the start. For example, if our array is of length 5 then: 1->2->3->4->0. In that case, we will know that start is the index from where the answer comes from.For storing the current gas in our car, we will use another variable curr and then if at any point of time, if curr becomes negative, that means that index cannot be the starting point. In that case, we will increment the start by 1.Here, the main problem is that we know how to move forward in an array. I mean, we know how to increment the current pointer. But how do we get back? Here, the pointer goes like this: 1->2->3->4->5->6……. and so on. It won't come back like: 1->2->3->4->1.To solve this problem, we have to use a simple trick. Instead of increment the value like : n=n+1, we will use : n=(n+1)%length.In that case, when the pointer gets to the end, it will again start from zero.See the complete code for the solution of the above problem:public int canCompleteCircuit(int[] gas, int[] cost) { if(gas.length==0){ return -1; } if(gas.length==1){ return gas[0]-cost[0]The situation of the issue or the task you were given.Describe the actions you took to resolve the situation or complete the task.Explain what you learned from the experience.Explain the Positive side: In some cases, missing a deadline is not in the employee's control. If that is true of your situation, you can use it as your advantage and emphasize that the only reason it happened was because of an outdoor event. However, that is not always possible. In these types of cases, you must highlight the result or what you learned and how you improved.If you are solely responsible for the deadline and have described the mistake you made, don't leave your interviewer with a negative image. Instead, make your answer work for you by ending your response with a very positive, clear message about what steps you took to improve and where you are on reaching your goals.Be Confident: If the interviewer asks you to share a story about your failure, don't lose your focus and confidence. Remember, everyone has made small or big mistakes. Explain how you move on from that incident by learning something new.Example of a good sample answer:Once I was given a deadline to write an article for a client on a short turnaround time. I believed I could handle the article in addition to the workload I already had, but I miscalculated how long it would take me to write it. The morning the article was due, I realized I would not make it in time and contacted my boss to explain the situation. I apologized, explained what happened and asked for an extension, which he granted. I learned that I need to be honest with myself about the workload I can handle each day. I also learned that when accepting assignments, I need to include a time buffer to ensure that even if unforeseen events arise, I can meet my deadlines.8) What would you do if you found out that your closest friend at work was stealing?This question is asked to check your loyalty towards the company as well as your friend. You should consider the nature of the offense before deciding how to proceed.According to the question, your friend's act is unethical, so you should tell the company about your friend's act. You can give a chance to your friend and warn him earlier.9) If your direct manager instructed you to do something you disagreed with, how would you handle it?By asking this question, your interviewer wants to know how you handle disagreement. This is also helpful to check your negotiation skills. You can explain your communicational flexibility and convey to the interviewer that you aren't averse to speaking up. You believe in communicating till you find a solution.10) What would you do if you saw someone being unsafe at work?You can tell the interviewer that you have a duty of care to yourself and your colleagues. If you find these types of circumstances, you will warn the person that he is working can lead to an accident. If you know a safer way to do the job, you will suggest it. Otherwise, you will call your supervisor.
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A list of 50 top frequently asked C programming interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is C language?C is a mid-level and procedural programming language. The Procedural programming language is also known as the structured programming language is a technique in which large programs are broken down into smaller modules, and each module uses structured code. This technique minimizes error and misinterpretation. More details.2) Why is C known as a mother language?C is known as a mother language because most of the compilers and JVMs are written in C language. Most of the languages which are developed after C language has borrowed heavily from it like C++, Python, Rust, javascript, etc. It introduces new core concepts like arrays, functions, file handling which are used in these languages. More details.3) Why is C called a mid-level programming language?C is called a mid-level programming language because it binds the low level and high -level programming language. We can use C language as a System programming to develop the operating system as well as an Application programming to generate menu driven customer driven billing system. More details.Play Videox4) Who is the founder of C language?Dennis Ritchie. More details.5) When was C language developed?C language was developed in 1972 at bell laboratories of AT&T. More details.6) What are the features of the C language?The main features of C language are given below:Simple: C is a simple language because it follows the structured approach, i.e., a program is broken into partsPortable: C is highly portable means that once the program is written can be run on any machine with little or no modifications.Mid Level: C is a mid-level programming language as it combines the low- level language with the features of the high-level language.Structured: C is a structured language as the C program is broken into parts.Fast Speed: C language is very fast as it uses a powerful set of data types and operators.Memory Management: C provides an inbuilt memory function that saves the memory and improves the efficiency of our program.Extensible: C is an extensible language as it can adopt new features in the future.More details.7) What is the use of printf() and scanf() functions?printf(): The printf() function is used to print the integer, character, float and string values on to the screen.Following are the format specifier:%d: It is a format specifier used to print an integer value.%s: It is a format specifier used to print a string.%c: It is a format specifier used to display a character value.%f: It is a format specifier used to display a floating point value.scanf(): The scanf() function is used to take input from the user.More details.8) What is the difference between the local variable and global variable in C?Following are the differences between a local variable and global variable:Basis for comparisonLocal variableGlobal variableDeclarationA variable which is declared inside function or block is known as a local variable.A variable which is declared outside function or block is known as a global variable.ScopeThe scope of a variable is available within a function in which they are declared.The scope of a variable is available throughout the program.AccessVariables can be accessed only by those statements inside a function in which they are declared.Any statement in the entire program can access variables.LifeLife of a variable is created when the function block is entered and destroyed on its exit.Life of a variable exists until the program is executing.StorageVariables are stored in a stack unless specified.The compiler decides the storage location of a variable.More details.9) What is the use of a static variable in C?Following are the uses of a static variable:A variable which is declared as static is known as a static variable. The static variable retains its value between multiple function calls.Static variables are used because the scope of the static variable is available in the entire program. So, we can access a static variable anywhere in the program.The static variable is initially initialized to zero. If we update the value of a variable, then the updated value is assigned.The static variable is used as a common value which is shared by all the methods.The static variable is initialized only once in the memory heap to reduce the memory usage.More details.10) What is the use of the function in C?Uses of C function are:C functions are used to avoid the rewriting the same code again and again in our program.C functions can be called any number of times from any place of our program.When a program is divided into functions, then any part of our program can easily be tracked.C functions provide the reusability concept, i.e., it breaks the big task into smaller tasks so that it makes the C program more understandable.More details.11) What is the difference between call by value and call by reference in C?Following are the differences between a call by value and call by reference are:Call by valueCall by referenceDescriptionWhen a copy of the value is passed to the function, then the original value is not modified.When a copy of the value is passed to the function, then the original value is modified.Memory locationActual arguments and formal arguments are created in separate memory locations.Actual arguments and formal arguments are created in the same memory location.SafetyIn this case, actual arguments remain safe as they cannot be modified.In this case, actual arguments are not reliable, as they are modified.ArgumentsThe copies of the actual arguments are passed to the formal arguments.The addresses of actual arguments are passed to their respective formal arguments.Example of call by value:#include <stdio.h> void change(int,int); int main() { int a=10,b=20; change(a,b); //calling a function by passing the values of variables. printf("Value of a is: %d",a); printf("\n"); printf("Value of b is: %d",b); return 0; } void change(int x,int y) { x=13; y=17; } Output:Value of a is: 10 Value of b is: 20 Example of call by reference:#include <stdio.h> void change(int*,int*); int main() { int a=10,b=20; change(&a,&b); // calling a function by passing references of variables. printf("Value of a is: %d",a); printf("\n"); printf("Value of b is: %d",b); return 0; } void change(int *x,int *y) { *x=13; *y=17; } Output:Value of a is: 13 Value of b is: 17 More details.12) What is recursion in C?When a function calls itself, and this process is known as recursion. The function that calls itself is known as a recursive function.Recursive function comes in two phases:Winding phaseUnwinding phaseWinding phase: When the recursive function calls itself, and this phase ends when the condition is reached.Unwinding phase: Unwinding phase starts when the condition is reached, and the control returns to the original call.Example of recursion#include <stdio.h> int calculate_fact(int); int main() { int n=5,f; f=calculate_fact(n); // calling a function printf("factorial of a number is %d",f); return 0; } int calculate_fact(int a) { if(a==1) { return 1; } else return a*calculate_fact(a-1); //calling a function recursively. } Output:factorial of a number is 120 More details.13) What is an array in C?An Array is a group of similar types of elements. It has a contiguous memory location. It makes the code optimized, easy to traverse and easy to sort. The size and type of arrays cannot be changed after its declaration.Arrays are of two types:One-dimensional array: One-dimensional array is an array that stores the elements one after the another.Syntax:data_type array_name[size]; Multidimensional array: Multidimensional array is an array that contains more than one array.Syntax:data_type array_name[size]; Example of an array:#include <stdio.h> int main() { int arr[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; //an array consists of five integer values. for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("%d ",arr[i]); } return 0; } Output:1 2 3 4 5 More details.14) What is a pointer in C?A pointer is a variable that refers to the address of a value. It makes the code optimized and makes the performance fast. Whenever a variable is declared inside a program, then the system allocates some memory to a variable. The memory contains some address number. The variables that hold this address number is known as the pointer variable.For example:Data_type *p; The above syntax tells that p is a pointer variable that holds the address number of a given data type value.Example of pointer#include <stdio.h> int main() { int *p; //pointer of type integer. int a=5; p=&a; printf("Address value of 'a' variable is %u",p); return 0; } Output:Address value of 'a' variable is 428781252 More details.15) What is the usage of the pointer in C?Accessing array elements: Pointers are used in traversing through an array of integers and strings. The string is an array of characters which is terminated by a null character '\0'.Dynamic memory allocation: Pointers are used in allocation and deallocation of memory during the execution of a program.Call by Reference: The pointers are used to pass a reference of a variable to other function.Data Structures like a tree, graph, linked list, etc.: The pointers are used to construct different data structures like tree, graph, linked list, etc.16) What is a NULL pointer in C?A pointer that doesn't refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a NULL pointer. When we assign a '0' value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null pointer.More details.17) What is a far pointer in C?A pointer which can access all the 16 segments (whole residence memory) of RAM is known as far pointer. A far pointer is a 32-bit pointer that obtains information outside the memory in a given section.18) What is dangling pointer in C?If a pointer is pointing any memory location, but meanwhile another pointer deletes the memory occupied by the first pointer while the first pointer still points to that memory location, the first pointer will be known as a dangling pointer. This problem is known as a dangling pointer problem.Dangling pointer arises when an object is deleted without modifying the value of the pointer. The pointer points to the deallocated memory.Let's see this through an example.#include<stdio.h> void main() { int *ptr = malloc(constant value); //allocating a memory space. free(ptr); //ptr becomes a dangling pointer. } In the above example, initially memory is allocated to the pointer variable ptr, and then the memory is deallocated from the pointer variable. Now, pointer variable, i.e., ptr becomes a dangling pointer.How to overcome the problem of a dangling pointerThe problem of a dangling pointer can be overcome by assigning a NULL value to the dangling pointer. Let's understand this through an example:#include<stdio.h> void main() { int *ptr = malloc(constant value); //allocating a memory space. free(ptr); //ptr becomes a dangling pointer. ptr=NULL; //Now, ptr is no longer a dangling pointer. } In the above example, after deallocating the memory from a pointer variable, ptr is assigned to a NULL value. This means that ptr does not point to any memory location. Therefore, it is no longer a dangling pointer.19) What is pointer to pointer in C?In case of a pointer to pointer concept, one pointer refers to the address of another pointer. The pointer to pointer is a chain of pointers. Generally, the pointer contains the address of a variable. The pointer to pointer contains the address of a first pointer. Let's understand this concept through an example:#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a=10; int *ptr,**pptr; // *ptr is a pointer and **pptr is a double pointer. ptr=&a; pptr=&ptr; printf("value of a is:%d",a); printf("\n"); printf("value of *ptr is : %d",*ptr); printf("\n"); printf("value of **pptr is : %d",**pptr); return 0; } In the above example, pptr is a double pointer pointing to the address of the ptr variable and ptr points to the address of 'a' variable.More details.20) What is static memory allocation?In case of static memory allocation, memory is allocated at compile time, and memory can't be increased while executing the program. It is used in the array.The lifetime of a variable in static memory is the lifetime of a program.The static memory is allocated using static keyword.The static memory is implemented using stacks or heap.The pointer is required to access the variable present in the static memory.The static memory is faster than dynamic memory.In static memory, more memory space is required to store the variable.For example: int a[10]; The above example creates an array of integer type, and the size of an array is fixed, i.e., 10.More details.21) What is dynamic memory allocation?In case of dynamic memory allocation, memory is allocated at runtime and memory can be increased while executing the program. It is used in the linked list.The malloc() or calloc() function is required to allocate the memory at the runtime.An allocation or deallocation of memory is done at the execution time of a program.No dynamic pointers are required to access the memory.The dynamic memory is implemented using data segments.Less memory space is required to store the variable.For example int *p= malloc(sizeof(int)*10); The above example allocates the memory at runtime.More details.22) What functions are used for dynamic memory allocation in C language?malloc()The malloc() function is used to allocate the memory during the execution of the program.It does not initialize the memory but carries the garbage value.It returns a null pointer if it could not be able to allocate the requested space.Syntaxptr = (cast-type*) malloc(byte-size) // allocating the memory using malloc() function. calloc()The calloc() is same as malloc() function, but the difference only is that it initializes the memory with zero value.Syntaxptr = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-size);// allocating the memory using calloc() function. realloc()The realloc() function is used to reallocate the memory to the new size.If sufficient space is not available in the memory, then the new block is allocated to accommodate the existing data.Syntaxptr = realloc(ptr, newsize); // updating the memory size using realloc() function. In the above syntax, ptr is allocated to a new size.free():The free() function releases the memory allocated by either calloc() or malloc() function.Syntaxfree(ptr); // memory is released using free() function. The above syntax releases the memory from a pointer variable ptr.More details.23) What is the difference between malloc() and calloc()?calloc()malloc()DescriptionThe malloc() function allocates a single block of requested memory.The calloc() function allocates multiple blocks of requested memory.InitializationIt initializes the content of the memory to zero.It does not initialize the content of memory, so it carries the garbage value.Number of argumentsIt consists of two arguments.It consists of only one argument.Return valueIt returns a pointer pointing to the allocated memory.It returns a pointer pointing to the allocated memory.More details.24) What is the structure?The structure is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data in a single unit. It occupies the sum of the memory of all members.The structure members can be accessed only through structure variables.Structure variables accessing the same structure but the memory allocated for each variable will be different.Syntax of structurestruct structure_name { Member_variable1; Member_variable2 . . }[structure variables]; Let's see a simple example.#include <stdio.h> struct student { char name[10]; // structure members declaration. int age; }s1; //structure variable int main() { printf("Enter the name"); scanf("%s",s1.name); printf("\n"); printf("Enter the age"); scanf("%d",&s1.age); printf("\n"); printf("Name and age of a student: %s,%d",s1.name,s1.age); return 0; } Output:Enter the name shikha Enter the age 26 Name and age of a student: shikha,26 More details.25) What is a union?The union is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data in a single unit. However, it doesn't occupy the sum of the memory of all members. It holds the memory of the largest member only.In union, we can access only one variable at a time as it allocates one common space for all the members of a union.Syntax of unionunion union_name { Member_variable1; Member_variable2; . . Member_variable n; }[union variables]; Let's see a simple example#include<stdio.h> union data { int a; //union members declaration. float b; char ch; }; int main() { union data d; //union variable. d.a=3; d.b=5.6; d.ch='a'; printf("value of a is %d",d.a); printf("\n"); printf("value of b is %f",d.b); printf("\n"); printf("value of ch is %c",d.ch); return 0; } Output:value of a is 1085485921 value of b is 5.600022 value of ch is a In the above example, the value of a and b gets corrupted, and only variable ch shows the actual output. This is because all the members of a union share the common memory space. Hence, the variable ch whose value is currently updated.More details.26) What is an auto keyword in C?In C, every local variable of a function is known as an automatic (auto) variable. Variables which are declared inside the function block are known as a local variable. The local variables are also known as an auto variable. It is optional to use an auto keyword before the data type of a variable. If no value is stored in the local variable, then it consists of a garbage value.27) What is the purpose of sprintf() function?The sprintf() stands for "string print." The sprintf() function does not print the output on the console screen. It transfers the data to the buffer. It returns the total number of characters present in the string.Syntaxint sprintf ( char * str, const char * format, ... ); Let's see a simple example #include<stdio.h> int main() { char a[20]; int n=sprintf(a,"javaToint"); printf("value of n is %d",n); return 0;} Output:value of n is 9 28) Can we compile a program without main() function?Yes, we can compile, but it can't be executed.But, if we use #define, we can compile and run a C program without using the main() function. For example:#include<stdio.h> #define start main void start() { printf("Hello"); } More details.29) What is a token?The Token is an identifier. It can be constant, keyword, string literal, etc. A token is the smallest individual unit in a program. C has the following tokens:Identifiers: Identifiers refer to the name of the variables.Keywords: Keywords are the predefined words that are explained by the compiler.Constants: Constants are the fixed values that cannot be changed during the execution of a program.Operators: An operator is a symbol that performs the particular operation.Special characters: All the characters except alphabets and digits are treated as special characters.30) What is command line argument?The argument passed to the main() function while executing the program is known as command line argument. For example:main(int count, char *args[]){ //code to be executed } 31) What is the acronym for ANSI?The ANSI stands for " American National Standard Institute." It is an organization that maintains the broad range of disciplines including photographic film, computer languages, data encoding, mechanical parts, safety and more.32) What is the difference between getch() and getche()?The getch() function reads a single character from the keyboard. It doesn't use any buffer, so entered data will not be displayed on the output screen.The getche() function reads a single character from the keyword, but data is displayed on the output screen. Press Alt+f5 to see the entered character.Let's see a simple example#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { char ch; printf("Enter a character "); ch=getch(); // taking an user input without printing the value. printf("\nvalue of ch is %c",ch); printf("\nEnter a character again "); ch=getche(); // taking an user input and then displaying it on the screen. printf("\nvalue of ch is %c",ch); return 0; } Output:Enter a character value of ch is a Enter a character again a value of ch is a In the above example, the value entered through a getch() function is not displayed on the screen while the value entered through a getche() function is displayed on the screen.33) What is the newline escape sequence?The new line escape sequence is represented by "\n". It inserts a new line on the output screen.More details.34) Who is the main contributor in designing the C language after Dennis Ritchie?Brain Kernighan.35) What is the difference between near, far and huge pointers?A virtual address is composed of the selector and offset.A near pointer doesn't have explicit selector whereas far, and huge pointers have explicit selector. When you perform pointer arithmetic on the far pointer, the selector is not modified, but in case of a huge pointer, it can be modified.These are the non-standard keywords and implementation specific. These are irrelevant in a modern platform.36) What is the maximum length of an identifier?It is 32 characters ideally but implementation specific.37) What is typecasting?The typecasting is a process of converting one data type into another is known as typecasting. If we want to store the floating type value to an int type, then we will convert the data type into another data type explicitly.Syntax(type_name) expression; 38) What are the functions to open and close the file in C language?The fopen() function is used to open file whereas fclose() is used to close file.39) Can we access the array using a pointer in C language?Yes, by holding the base address of array into a pointer, we can access the array using a pointer.40) What is an infinite loop?A loop running continuously for an indefinite number of times is called the infinite loop.Infinite For Loop:for(;;){ //code to be executed } Infinite While Loop:while(1){ //code to be executed } Infinite Do-While Loop:do{ //code to be executed }while(1); 41) Write a program to print "hello world" without using a semicolon?#include<stdio.h> void main(){ if(printf("hello world")){} // It prints the ?hello world? on the screen. } More details.42) Write a program to swap two numbers without using the third variable?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main() { int a=10, b=20; //declaration of variables. clrscr(); //It clears the screen. printf("Before swap a=%d b=%d",a,b); a=a+b;//a=30 (10+20) b=a-b;//b=10 (30-20) a=a-b;//a=20 (30-10) printf("\nAfter swap a=%d b=%d",a,b); getch(); } More details.43) Write a program to print Fibonacci series without using recursion?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n1=0,n2=1,n3,i,number; clrscr(); printf("Enter the number of elements:"); scanf("%d",&number); printf("\n%d %d",n1,n2);//printing 0 and 1 for(i=2;i<number;++i)//loop starts from 2 because 0 and 1 are already printed { n3=n1+n2; printf(" %d",n3); n1=n2; n2=n3; } getch(); } More details.44) Write a program to print Fibonacci series using recursion?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void printFibonacci(int n) // function to calculate the fibonacci series of a given number. { static int n1=0,n2=1,n3; // declaration of static variables. if(n>0){ n3 = n1 + n2; n1 = n2; n2 = n3; printf("%d ",n3); printFibonacci(n-1); //calling the function recursively. } } void main(){ int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter the number of elements: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Fibonacci Series: "); printf("%d %d ",0,1); printFibonacci(n-2);//n-2 because 2 numbers are already printed getch(); } More details.45) Write a program to check prime number in C Programming?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,m=0,flag=0; //declaration of variables. clrscr(); //It clears the screen. printf("Enter the number to check prime:"); scanf("%d",&n); m=n/2; for(i=2;i<=m;i++) { if(n%i==0) { printf("Number is not prime"); flag=1; break; //break keyword used to terminate from the loop. } } if(flag==0) printf("Number is prime"); getch(); //It reads a character from the keyword. } More details.46) Write a program to check palindrome number in C Programming?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main() { int n,r,sum=0,temp; clrscr(); printf("enter the number="); scanf("%d",&n); temp=n; while(n>0) { r=n%10; sum=(sum*10)+r; n=n/10; } if(temp==sum) printf("palindrome number "); else printf("not palindrome"); getch(); } More details.47) Write a program to print factorial of given number without using recursion?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main(){ int i,fact=1,number; clrscr(); printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d",&number); for(i=1;i<=number;i++){ fact=fact*i; } printf("Factorial of %d is: %d",number,fact); getch(); } More details.48) Write a program to print factorial of given number using recursion?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> long factorial(int n) // function to calculate the factorial of a given number. { if (n == 0) return 1; else return(n * factorial(n-1)); //calling the function recursively. } void main() { int number; //declaration of variables. long fact; clrscr(); printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d", &number); fact = factorial(number); //calling a function. printf("Factorial of %d is %ld\n", number, fact); getch(); //It reads a character from the keyword. } More details.49) Write a program to check Armstrong number in C?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main() { int n,r,sum=0,temp; //declaration of variables. clrscr(); //It clears the screen. printf("enter the number="); scanf("%d",&n); temp=n; while(n>0) { r=n%10; sum=sum+(r*r*r); n=n/10; } if(temp==sum) printf("armstrong number "); else printf("not armstrong number"); getch(); //It reads a character from the keyword. } More details.50) Write a program to reverse a given number in C?#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main() { int n, reverse=0, rem; //declaration of variables. clrscr(); // It clears the screen. printf("Enter a number: "); scanf("%d", &n); while(n!=0) { rem=n%10; reverse=reverse*10+rem; n/=10; } printf("Reversed Number: %d",reverse); getch(); // It reads a character from the keyword. }
More detailsPublished - Mon, 05 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of top frequently asked C++ interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is C++?C++ is an object-oriented programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup. It was released in 1985.C++ is a superset of C with the major addition of classes in C language.Initially, Stroustrup called the new language "C with classes". However, after sometime the name was changed to C++. The idea of C++ comes from the C increment operator ++.68.2M1.3KException Handling in Java - Javatpoint2) What are the advantages of C++?C++ doesn't only maintains all aspects from C language, it also simplifies memory management and adds several features like:C++ is a highly portable language means that the software developed using C++ language can run on any platform.C++ is an object-oriented programming language which includes the concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction.C++ has the concept of inheritance. Through inheritance, one can eliminate the redundant code and can reuse the existing classes.Data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs so that the program cannot be attacked by the invaders.Message passing is a technique used for communication between the objects.C++ contains a rich function library.3) What is the difference between C and C++?Following are the differences between C and C++:CC++C language was developed by Dennis Ritchie.C++ language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup.C is a structured programming language.C++ supports both structural and object-oriented programming language.C is a subset of C++.C++ is a superset of C.In C language, data and functions are the free entities.In the C++ language, both data and functions are encapsulated together in the form of a project.C does not support the data hiding. Therefore, the data can be used by the outside world.C++ supports data hiding. Therefore, the data cannot be accessed by the outside world.C supports neither function nor operator overloading.C++ supports both function and operator overloading.In C, the function cannot be implemented inside the structures.In the C++, the function can be implemented inside the structures.Reference variables are not supported in C language.C++ supports the reference variables.C language does not support the virtual and friend functions.C++ supports both virtual and friend functions.In C, scanf() and printf() are mainly used for input/output.C++ mainly uses stream cin and cout to perform input and output operations.4) What is the difference between reference and pointer?Following are the differences between reference and pointer:ReferencePointerReference behaves like an alias for an existing variable, i.e., it is a temporary variable.The pointer is a variable which stores the address of a variable.Reference variable does not require any indirection operator to access the value. A reference variable can be used directly to access the value.Pointer variable requires an indirection operator to access the value of a variable.Once the reference variable is assigned, then it cannot be reassigned with different address values.The pointer variable is an independent variable means that it can be reassigned to point to different objects.A null value cannot be assigned to the reference variable.A null value can be assigned to the reference variable.It is necessary to initialize the variable at the time of declaration.It is not necessary to initialize the variable at the time of declaration.5) What is a class?The class is a user-defined data type. The class is declared with the keyword class. The class contains the data members, and member functions whose access is defined by the three modifiers are private, public and protected. The class defines the type definition of the category of things. It defines a datatype, but it does not define the data it just specifies the structure of data.You can create N number of objects from a class.6) What are the various OOPs concepts in C++?The various OOPS concepts in C++ are:Class:The class is a user-defined data type which defines its properties and its functions. For example, Human being is a class. The body parts of a human being are its properties, and the actions performed by the body parts are known as functions. The class does not occupy any memory space. Therefore, we can say that the class is the only logical representation of the data.The syntax of declaring the class:class student { //data members; //Member functions } Object:An object is a run-time entity. An object is the instance of the class. An object can represent a person, place or any other item. An object can operate on both data members and member functions. The class does not occupy any memory space. When an object is created using a new keyword, then space is allocated for the variable in a heap, and the starting address is stored in the stack memory. When an object is created without a new keyword, then space is not allocated in the heap memory, and the object contains the null value in the stack.class Student { //data members; //Member functions } The syntax for declaring the object:Student s = new Student(); Inheritance:Inheritance provides reusability. Reusability means that one can use the functionalities of the existing class. It eliminates the redundancy of code. Inheritance is a technique of deriving a new class from the old class. The old class is known as the base class, and the new class is known as derived class.Syntaxclass derived_class :: visibility-mode base_class; Note: The visibility-mode can be public, private, protected.Encapsulation:Encapsulation is a technique of wrapping the data members and member functions in a single unit. It binds the data within a class, and no outside method can access the data. If the data member is private, then the member function can only access the data.Abstraction:Abstraction is a technique of showing only essential details without representing the implementation details. If the members are defined with a public keyword, then the members are accessible outside also. If the members are defined with a private keyword, then the members are not accessible by the outside methods.Data binding:Data binding is a process of binding the application UI and business logic. Any change made in the business logic will reflect directly to the application UI.Polymorphism:Polymorphism means multiple forms. Polymorphism means having more than one function with the same name but with different functionalities. Polymorphism is of two types:Static polymorphism is also known as early binding.Dynamic polymorphism is also known as late binding.7) What are the different types of polymorphism in C++?Polymorphism: Polymorphism means multiple forms. It means having more than one function with the same function name but with different functionalities.Polymorphism is of two types:Runtime polymorphismRuntime polymorphism is also known as dynamic polymorphism. Function overriding is an example of runtime polymorphism. Function overriding means when the child class contains the method which is already present in the parent class. Hence, the child class overrides the method of the parent class. In case of function overriding, parent and child class both contains the same function with the different definition. The call to the function is determined at runtime is known as runtime polymorphism.Let's understand this through an example:#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: virtual void show() { cout<<"javaTpoint"; } }; class Derived:public Base { public: void show() { cout<<"javaTpoint tutorial"; } }; int main() { Base* b; Derived d; b=&d; b->show(); return 0; } Output:javaTpoint tutorial Compile time polymorphismCompile-time polymorphism is also known as static polymorphism. The polymorphism which is implemented at the compile time is known as compile-time polymorphism. Method overloading is an example of compile-time polymorphism.Method overloading: Method overloading is a technique which allows you to have more than one function with the same function name but with different functionality.Method overloading can be possible on the following basis:The return type of the overloaded function.The type of the parameters passed to the function.The number of parameters passed to the function.Let's understand this through an example:#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Multiply { public: int mul(int a,int b) { return(a*b); } int mul(int a,int b,int c) { return(a*b*c); } }; int main() { Multiply multi; int res1,res2; res1=multi.mul(2,3); res2=multi.mul(2,3,4); cout<<"\n"; cout<<res1; cout<<"\n"; cout<<res2; return 0; } Output:6 24 In the above example, mul() is an overloaded function with the different number of parameters.8) Define namespace in C++.The namespace is a logical division of the code which is designed to stop the naming conflict.The namespace defines the scope where the identifiers such as variables, class, functions are declared.The main purpose of using namespace in C++ is to remove the ambiguity. Ambiquity occurs when the different task occurs with the same name.For example: if there are two functions exist with the same name such as add(). In order to prevent this ambiguity, the namespace is used. Functions are declared in different namespaces.C++ consists of a standard namespace, i.e., std which contains inbuilt classes and functions. So, by using the statement "using namespace std;" includes the namespace "std" in our program.Syntax of namespace:namespace namespace_name { //body of namespace; } Syntax of accessing the namespace variable:namespace_name::member_name; Let's understand this through an example:#include <iostream> using namespace std; namespace addition { int a=5; int b=5; int add() { return(a+b); } } int main() { int result; result=addition::add(); cout<<result; return 0; } Output:10 9) Define token in C++.A token in C++ can be a keyword, identifier, literal, constant and symbol.10) Who was the creator of C++?Bjarne Stroustrup.11) Which operations are permitted on pointers?Following are the operations that can be performed on pointers:Incrementing or decrementing a pointer: Incrementing a pointer means that we can increment the pointer by the size of a data type to which it points.There are two types of increment pointers:1. Pre-increment pointer: The pre-increment operator increments the operand by 1, and the value of the expression becomes the resulting value of the incremented. Suppose ptr is a pointer then pre-increment pointer is represented as ++ptr.Let's understand this through an example:#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; int *ptr; ptr=&a[0]; cout<<"Value of *ptr is : "<<*ptr<<"\n"; cout<<"Value of *++ptr : "<<*++ptr; return 0; } Output:Value of *ptr is : 1 Value of *++ptr : 2 2. Post-increment pointer: The post-increment operator increments the operand by 1, but the value of the expression will be the value of the operand prior to the incremented value of the operand. Suppose ptr is a pointer then post-increment pointer is represented as ptr++.Let's understand this through an example:#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; int *ptr; ptr=&a[0]; cout<<"Value of *ptr is : "<<*ptr<<"\n"; cout<<"Value of *ptr++ : "<<*ptr++; return 0; } Output:Value of *ptr is : 1 Value of *ptr++ : 1 Subtracting a pointer from another pointer: When two pointers pointing to the members of an array are subtracted, then the number of elements present between the two members are returned.12) Define 'std'.Std is the default namespace standard used in C++.13) Which programming language's unsatisfactory performance led to the discovery of C++?C++was discovered in order to cope with the disadvantages of C.14) How delete [] is different from delete?Delete is used to release a unit of memory, delete[] is used to release an array.15) What is the full form of STL in C++?STL stands for Standard Template Library.16) What is an object?The Object is the instance of a class. A class provides a blueprint for objects. So you can create an object from a class. The objects of a class are declared with the same sort of declaration that we declare variables of basic types.17) What are the C++ access specifiers?The access specifiers are used to define how to functions and variables can be accessed outside the class.There are three types of access specifiers:Private: Functions and variables declared as private can be accessed only within the same class, and they cannot be accessed outside the class they are declared.Public: Functions and variables declared under public can be accessed from anywhere.Protected: Functions and variables declared as protected cannot be accessed outside the class except a child class. This specifier is generally used in inheritance.18) What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP)?OOP is a methodology or paradigm that provides many concepts. The basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming are given below:Classes and Objects: Classes are used to specify the structure of the data. They define the data type. You can create any number of objects from a class. Objects are the instances of classes.Encapsulation: Encapsulation is a mechanism which binds the data and associated operations together and thus hides the data from the outside world. Encapsulation is also known as data hiding. In C++, It is achieved using the access specifiers, i.e., public, private and protected.Abstraction: Abstraction is used to hide the internal implementations and show only the necessary details to the outer world. Data abstraction is implemented using interfaces and abstract classes in C++.Some people confused about Encapsulation and abstraction, but they both are different.Inheritance: Inheritance is used to inherit the property of one class into another class. It facilitates you to define one class in term of another class.19) What is the difference between an array and a list?An Array is a collection of homogeneous elements while a list is a collection of heterogeneous elements.Array memory allocation is static and continuous while List memory allocation is dynamic and random.In Array, users don't need to keep in track of next memory allocation while In the list, the user has to keep in track of next location where memory is allocated.20) What is the difference between new() and malloc()?new() is a preprocessor while malloc() is a function.There is no need to allocate the memory while using "new" but in malloc() you have to use sizeof()."new" initializes the new memory to 0 while malloc() gives random value in the newly allotted memory location.The new() operator allocates the memory and calls the constructor for the object initialization and malloc() function allocates the memory but does not call the constructor for the object initialization.The new() operator is faster than the malloc() function as operator is faster than the function.21) What are the methods of exporting a function from a DLL?There are two ways:By using the DLL's type library.Taking a reference to the function from the DLL instance.22) Define friend function.Friend function acts as a friend of the class. It can access the private and protected members of the class. The friend function is not a member of the class, but it must be listed in the class definition. The non-member function cannot access the private data of the class. Sometimes, it is necessary for the non-member function to access the data. The friend function is a non-member function and has the ability to access the private data of the class.To make an outside function friendly to the class, we need to declare the function as a friend of the class as shown below:class sample { // data members; public: friend void abc(void); }; Following are the characteristics of a friend function:The friend function is not in the scope of the class in which it has been declared.Since it is not in the scope of the class, so it cannot be called by using the object of the class. Therefore, friend function can be invoked like a normal function.A friend function cannot access the private members directly, it has to use an object name and dot operator with each member name.Friend function uses objects as arguments.Let's understand this through an example:#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Addition { int a=5; int b=6; public: friend int add(Addition a1) { return(a1.a+a1.b); } }; int main() { int result; Addition a1; result=add(a1); cout<<result; return 0; } Output:11 23) What is a virtual function?A virtual function is used to replace the implementation provided by the base class. The replacement is always called whenever the object in question is actually of the derived class, even if the object is accessed by a base pointer rather than a derived pointer.A virtual function is a member function which is present in the base class and redefined by the derived class.When we use the same function name in both base and derived class, the function in base class is declared with a keyword virtual.When the function is made virtual, then C++ determines at run-time which function is to be called based on the type of the object pointed by the base class pointer. Thus, by making the base class pointer to point different objects, we can execute different versions of the virtual functions.Rules of a virtual function:The virtual functions should be a member of some class.The virtual function cannot be a static member.Virtual functions are called by using the object pointer.It can be a friend of another class.C++ does not contain virtual constructors but can have a virtual destructor.24) When should we use multiple inheritance?You can answer this question in three manners:NeverRarelyIf you find that the problem domain cannot be accurately modeled any other way.25) What is a destructor?A Destructor is used to delete any extra resources allocated by the object. A destructor function is called automatically once the object goes out of the scope.Rules of destructor:Destructors have the same name as class name and it is preceded by tilde.It does not contain any argument and no return type.26) What is an overflow error?It is a type of arithmetical error. It happens when the result of an arithmetical operation been greater than the actual space provided by the system.27) What is overloading?When a single object behaves in many ways is known as overloading. A single object has the same name, but it provides different versions of the same function.C++ facilitates you to specify more than one definition for a function name or an operator in the same scope. It is called function overloading and operator overloading respectively.Overloading is of two types:1. Operator overloading: Operator overloading is a compile-time polymorphism in which a standard operator is overloaded to provide a user-defined definition to it. For example, '+' operator is overloaded to perform the addition operation on data types such as int, float, etc.Operator overloading can be implemented in the following functions:Member functionNon-member functionFriend functionSyntax of Operator overloading:Return_type classname :: Operator Operator_symbol(argument_list) { // body_statements; } 2. Function overloading: Function overloading is also a type of compile-time polymorphism which can define a family of functions with the same name. The function would perform different operations based on the argument list in the function call. The function to be invoked depends on the number of arguments and the type of the arguments in the argument list.28) What is function overriding?If you inherit a class into a derived class and provide a definition for one of the base class's function again inside the derived class, then this function is called overridden function, and this mechanism is known as function overriding.29) What is virtual inheritance?Virtual inheritance facilitates you to create only one copy of each object even if the object appears more than one in the hierarchy.30) What is a constructor?A Constructor is a special method that initializes an object. Its name must be same as class name.31) What is the purpose of the "delete" operator?The "delete" operator is used to release the dynamic memory created by "new" operator.32) Explain this pointer?This pointer holds the address of the current object.33) What does Scope Resolution operator do?A scope resolution operator(::) is used to define the member function outside the class.34) What is the difference between delete and delete[]?Delete [] is used to release the array of allocated memory which was allocated using new[] whereas delete is used to release one chunk of memory which was allocated using new.35) What is a pure virtual function?The pure virtual function is a virtual function which does not contain any definition. The normal function is preceded with a keyword virtual. The pure virtual function ends with 0.Syntax of a pure virtual function:virtual void abc()=0; //pure virtual function. Let's understand this through an example:#include<iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: virtual void show()=0; }; class Derived:public Base { public: void show() { cout<<"javaTpoint"; } }; int main() { Base* b; Derived d; b=&d; b->show(); return 0; } Output:javaTpoint 36) What is the difference between struct and class?StructuresclassA structure is a user-defined data type which contains variables of dissimilar data types.The class is a user-defined data type which contains member variables and member functions.The variables of a structure are stored in the stack memory.The variables of a class are stored in the heap memory.We cannot initialize the variables directly.We can initialize the member variables directly.If access specifier is not specified, then by default the access specifier of the variable is "public".If access specifier is not specified, then by default the access specifier of a variable is "private".The instance of a structure is a "structure variable".Declaration of a structure:struct structure_name { // body of structure; } ; Declaration of class:class class_name { // body of class; } A structure is declared by using a struct keyword.The class is declared by using a class keyword.The structure does not support the inheritance.The class supports the concept of inheritance.The type of a structure is a value type.The type of a class is a reference type.37) What is a class template?A class template is used to create a family of classes and functions. For example, we can create a template of an array class which will enable us to create an array of various types such as int, float, char, etc. Similarly, we can create a template for a function, suppose we have a function add(), then we can create multiple versions of add().The syntax of a class template:template<class T> class classname { // body of class; }; Syntax of a object of a template class:classname<type> objectname(arglist); 38) What is the difference between function overloading and operator overloading?Function overloading: Function overloading is defined as we can have more than one version of the same function. The versions of a function will have different signature means that they have a different set of parameters.Operator overloading: Operator overloading is defined as the standard operator can be redefined so that it has a different meaning when applied to the instances of a class.39) What is a virtual destructor?A virtual destructor in C++ is used in the base class so that the derived class object can also be destroyed. A virtual destructor is declared by using the ~ tilde operator and then virtual keyword before the constructor.Note: Constructor cannot be virtual, but destructor can be virtual.Let's understand this through an exampleExample without using virtual destructor#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: Base() { cout<<"Base constructor is called"<<"\n"; } ~Base() { cout<<"Base class object is destroyed"<<"\n"; } }; class Derived:public Base { public: Derived() { cout<<"Derived class constructor is called"<<"\n"; } ~Derived() { cout<<"Derived class object is destroyed"<<"\n"; } }; int main() { Base* b= new Derived; delete b; return 0; } Output:Base constructor is called Derived class constructor is called Base class object is destroyed In the above example, delete b will only call the base class destructor due to which derived class destructor remains undestroyed. This leads to the memory leak.Example with a virtual destructor#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: Base() { cout<<"Base constructor is called"<<"\n"; } virtual ~Base() { cout<<"Base class object is destroyed"<<"\n"; } }; class Derived:public Base { public: Derived() { cout<<"Derived class constructor is called"<<"\n"; } ~Derived() { cout<<"Derived class object is destroyed"<<"\n"; } }; int main() { Base* b= new Derived; delete b; return 0; } Output:Base constructor is called Derived class constructor is called Derived class object is destroyed Base class object is destroyedWhen we use he virtual destructor, then the derived class destructor is called first, and then the base class destructor is called.
More detailsPublished - Mon, 05 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of most frequently asked Data Structure interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is Data Structure? Explain.The data structure is a way that specifies how to organize and manipulate the data. It also defines the relationship between them. Some examples of Data Structures are arrays, Linked List, Stack, Queue, etc. Data Structures are the central part of many computer science algorithms as they enable the programmers to handle the data in an efficient way2) Describe the types of Data Structures?Data Structures are mainly classified into two types:Linear Data Structure: A data structure is called linear if all of its elements are arranged in the sequential order. In linear data structures, the elements are stored in a non-hierarchical way where each item has the successors and predecessors except the first and last element.Play VideoxNon-Linear Data Structure: The Non-linear data structure does not form a sequence i.e. each item or element is connected with two or more other items in a non-linear arrangement. The data elements are not arranged in the sequential structure.3) List the area of applications of Data Structure.Data structures are applied extensively in the following areas of computer science:Compiler Design,Operating System,Database Management System,Statistical analysis package,Numerical Analysis,Graphics,Artificial Intelligence,Simulation4) What is the difference between file structure and storage structure?Difference between file structure and storage structure:The main difference between file structure and storage structure is based on memory area that is being accessed.Storage structure: It is the representation of the data structure in the computer memory.File structure: It is the representation of the storage structure in the auxiliary memory.5) List the data structures which are used in RDBMS, Network Data Modal, and Hierarchical Data Model.RDBMS uses Array data structureNetwork data model uses GraphHierarchal data model uses Trees6) Which data structure is used to perform recursion?Stack data structure is used in recursion due to its last in first out nature. Operating system maintains the stack in order to save the iteration variables at each function call7) What is a Stack?Stack is an ordered list in which, insertion and deletion can be performed only at one end that is called the top. It is a recursive data structure having pointer to its top element. The stack is sometimes called as Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) list i.e. the element which is inserted first in the stack will be deleted last from the stack.8) List the area of applications where stack data structure can be used?Expression evaluationBacktrackingMemory ManagementFunction calling and return9) What are the operations that can be performed on a stack?Push OperationsPop OperationsPeek Operations10) Write the stack overflow condition.Overflow occurs when top = Maxsize -111) What is the difference between PUSH and POP?PUSH and POP operations specify how data is stored and retrieved in a stack.PUSH: PUSH specifies that data is being "inserted" into the stack.POP: POP specifies data retrieval. It means that data is being deleted from the stack.12) Write the steps involved in the insertion and deletion of an element in the stack.Push:Increment the variable top so that it can refer to the next memory allocationCopy the item to the at the array index value equal to the topRepeat step 1 and 2 until stack overflowsPop:Store the topmost element into the an another variableDecrement the value of the topReturn the topmost element13) What is a postfix expression?An expression in which operators follow the operands is known as postfix expression. The main benefit of this form is that there is no need to group sub-expressions in parentheses or to consider operator precedence.The expression "a + b" will be represented as "ab+" in postfix notation.14)Write the postfix form of the expression: (A + B) * (C - D)AB+CD-*)15) Which notations are used in Evaluation of Arithmetic Expressions using prefix and postfix forms?Polish and Reverse Polish notations.16)What is an array?Arrays are defined as the collection of similar types of data items stored at contiguous memory locations. It is the simplest data structure in which each data element can be randomly accessed by using its index number.17) How to reference all the elements in a one-dimension array?It can be done by using an indexed loop such that the counter runs from 0 to the array size minus one. In this manner, you can reference all the elements in sequence by using the loop counter as the array subscript.18) What is a multidimensional array?The multidimensional array can be defined as the array of arrays in which, the data is stored in tabular form consists of rows and columns. 2D arrays are created to implement a relational database lookalike data structure. It provides ease of holding the bulk of data at once which can be passed to any number of functions wherever required.19) How are the elements of a 2D array are stored in the memory?There are two techniques by using which, the elements of a 2D array can be stored in the memory.Row-Major Order: In row-major ordering, all the rows of the 2D array are stored into the memory contiguously. First, the 1st row of the array is stored into the memory completely, then the 2nd row of the array is stored into the memory completely and so on till the last row.Column-Major Order: In column-major ordering, all the columns of the 2D array are stored into the memory contiguously. first, the 1st column of the array is stored into the memory completely, then the 2nd row of the array is stored into the memory completely and so on till the last column of the array.20) Calculate the address of a random element present in a 2D array, given base address as BA.Row-Major Order: If array is declared as a[m][n] where m is the number of rows while n is the number of columns, then address of an element a[i][j] of the array stored in row major order is calculated as,Address(a[i][j]) = B. A. + (i * n + j) * sizeColumn-Major Order: If array is declared as a[m][n] where m is the number of rows while n is the number of columns, then address of an element a[i][j] of the array stored in column major order is calculated asAddress(a[i][j]) = ((j*m)+i)*Size + BA.21) Define Linked List Data structure.Linked List is the collection of randomly stored data objects called nodes. In Linked List, each node is linked to its adjacent node through a pointer. A node contains two fields, i.e. Data Field and Link Field.22) Are linked lists considered linear or non-linear data structures?A linked list is considered both linear and non-linear data structure depending upon the situation.On the basis of data storage, it is considered as a non-linear data structure.On the basis of the access strategy, it is considered as a linear data-structure.23) What are the advantages of Linked List over an array?The size of a linked list can be incremented at runtime which is impossible in the case of the array.The List is not required to be contiguously present in the main memory, if the contiguous space is not available, the nodes can be stored anywhere in the memory connected through the links.The List is dynamically stored in the main memory and grows as per the program demand while the array is statically stored in the main memory, size of which must be declared at compile time.The number of elements in the linked list are limited to the available memory space while the number of elements in the array is limited to the size of an array.24) Write the syntax in C to create a node in the singly linked list.struct node { int data; struct node *next; }; struct node *head, *ptr; ptr = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node)); 25) If you are using C language to implement the heterogeneous linked list, what pointer type should be used?The heterogeneous linked list contains different data types, so it is not possible to use ordinary pointers for this. For this purpose, you have to use a generic pointer type like void pointer because the void pointer is capable of storing a pointer to any type.26) What is doubly linked list?The doubly linked list is a complex type of linked list in which a node contains a pointer to the previous as well as the next node in the sequence. In a doubly linked list, a node consists of three parts:node datapointer to the next node in sequence (next pointer)pointer to the previous node (previous pointer).27) Write the C program to insert a node in circular singly list at the beginning.#include #include void beg_insert(int); struct node { int data; struct node *next; }; struct node *head; void main () { int choice,item; do { printf("\nEnter the item which you want to insert?\n"); scanf("%d",&item); beg_insert(item); printf("\nPress 0 to insert more ?\n"); scanf("%d",&choice); }while(choice == 0); } void beg_insert(int item) { struct node *ptr = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node)); struct node *temp; if(ptr == NULL) { printf("\nOVERFLOW"); } else { ptr -> data = item; if(head == NULL) { head = ptr; ptr -> next = head; } else { temp = head; while(temp->next != head) temp = temp->next; ptr->next = head; temp -> next = ptr; head = ptr; } printf("\nNode Inserted\n"); } } 28) Define the queue data structure.A queue can be defined as an ordered list which enables insert operations to be performed at one end called REAR and delete operations to be performed at another end called FRONT.29) List some applications of queue data structure.The Applications of the queue is given as follows:Queues are widely used as waiting lists for a single shared resource like a printer, disk, CPU.Queues are used in the asynchronous transfer of data (where data is not being transferred at the same rate between two processes) for eg. pipes, file IO, sockets.Queues are used as buffers in most of the applications like MP3 media player, CD player, etc.Queues are used to maintain the playlist in media players to add and remove the songs from the play-list.Queues are used in operating systems for handling interrupts.30) What are the drawbacks of array implementation of Queue?Memory Wastage: The space of the array, which is used to store queue elements, can never be reused to store the elements of that queue because the elements can only be inserted at front end and the value of front might be so high so that, all the space before that, can never be filled.Array Size: There might be situations in which, we may need to extend the queue to insert more elements if we use an array to implement queue, It will almost be impossible to extend the array size, therefore deciding the correct array size is always a problem in array implementation of queue.31) What are the scenarios in which an element can be inserted into the circular queue?If (rear + 1)%maxsize = front, the queue is full. In that case, overflow occurs and therefore, insertion can not be performed in the queue.If rear != max - 1, the rear will be incremented to the mod(maxsize) and the new value will be inserted at the rear end of the queue.If front != 0 and rear = max - 1, it means that queue is not full therefore, set the value of rear to 0 and insert the new element there.32) What is a dequeue?Dequeue (also known as double-ended queue) can be defined as an ordered set of elements in which the insertion and deletion can be performed at both the ends, i.e. front and rear.33) What is the minimum number of queues that can be used to implement a priority queue?Two queues are needed. One queue is used to store the data elements, and another is used for storing priorities.34) Define the tree data structure.The Tree is a recursive data structure containing the set of one or more data nodes where one node is designated as the root of the tree while the remaining nodes are called as the children of the root. The nodes other than the root node are partitioned into the nonempty sets where each one of them is to be called sub-tree.35) List the types of tree.There are six types of tree given as follows.General TreeForestsBinary TreeBinary Search TreeExpression TreeTournament Tree36) What are Binary trees?A binary Tree is a special type of generic tree in which, each node can have at most two children. Binary tree is generally partitioned into three disjoint subsets, i.e. the root of the node, left sub-tree and Right binary sub-tree.37) Write the C code to perform in-order traversal on a binary tree.void in-order(struct treenode *tree) { if(tree != NULL) { in-order(tree→ left); printf("%d",tree→ root); in-order(tree→ right); } } 38) What is the maximum number of nodes in a binary tree of height k?2k+1-1 where k >= 139) Which data structure suits the most in the tree construction?Queue data structure40) Which data structure suits the most in the tree construction?Queue data structure41) Write the recursive C function to count the number of nodes present in a binary tree.int count (struct node* t) { if(t) { int l, r; l = count(t->left); r=count(t->right); return (1+l+r); } else { return 0; } } 42) Write a recursive C function to calculate the height of a binary tree.int countHeight(struct node* t) { int l,r; if(!t) return 0; if((!(t->left)) && (!(t->right))) return 0; l=countHeight(t->left); r=countHeight(t->right); return (1+((l>r)?l:r)); } 43) How can AVL Tree be useful in all the operations as compared to Binary search tree?AVL tree controls the height of the binary search tree by not letting it be skewed. The time taken for all operations in a binary search tree of height h is O(h). However, it can be extended to O(n) if the BST becomes skewed (i.e. worst case). By limiting this height to log n, AVL tree imposes an upper bound on each operation to be O(log n) where n is the number of nodes.44) State the properties of B Tree.A B tree of order m contains all the properties of an M way tree. In addition, it contains the following properties.Every node in a B-Tree contains at most m children.Every node in a B-Tree except the root node and the leaf node contain at least m/2 children.The root nodes must have at least 2 nodes.All leaf nodes must be at the same level.45) What are the differences between B tree and B+ tree?SNB TreeB+ Tree1Search keys cannot repeatedly be stored.Redundant search keys can be present.2Data can be stored in leaf nodes as well as internal nodesData can only be stored on the leaf nodes.3Searching for some data is a slower process since data can be found on internal nodes as well as on the leaf nodes.Searching is comparatively faster as data can only be found on the leaf nodes.4Deletion of internal nodes is so complicated and time-consuming.Deletion will never be a complexed process since element will always be deleted from the leaf nodes.5Leaf nodes cannot be linked together.Leaf nodes are linked together to make the search operations more efficient.46) List some applications of Tree-data structure?Applications of Tree- data structure:The manipulation of Arithmetic expression,Symbol Table construction,Syntax analysisHierarchal data model47) Define the graph data structure?A graph G can be defined as an ordered set G(V, E) where V(G) represents the set of vertices and E(G) represents the set of edges which are used to connect these vertices. A graph can be seen as a cyclic tree, where the vertices (Nodes) maintain any complex relationship among them instead of having parent-child relations.48) Differentiate among cycle, path, and circuit?Path: A Path is the sequence of adjacent vertices connected by the edges with no restrictions.Cycle: A Cycle can be defined as the closed path where the initial vertex is identical to the end vertex. Any vertex in the path can not be visited twiceCircuit: A Circuit can be defined as the closed path where the intial vertex is identical to the end vertex. Any vertex may be repeated.49) Mention the data structures which are used in graph implementation.For the graph implementation, following data structures are used.In sequential representation, Adjacency matrix is used.In Linked representation, Adjacency list is used.50) Which data structures are used in BFS and DFS algorithm?In BFS algorithm, Queue data structure is used.In DFS algorithm, Stack data structure is used.51) What are the applications of Graph data structure?The graph has the following applications:Graphs are used in circuit networks where points of connection are drawn as vertices and component wires become the edges of the graph.Graphs are used in transport networks where stations are drawn as vertices and routes become the edges of the graph.Graphs are used in maps that draw cities/states/regions as vertices and adjacency relations as edges.Graphs are used in program flow analysis where procedures or modules are treated as vertices and calls to these procedures are drawn as edges of the graph.54) In what scenario, Binary Search can be used?Binary Search algorithm is used to search an already sorted list. The algorithm follows divide and conqer approachExample:52) What are the advantages of Binary search over linear search?There are relatively less number of comparisons in binary search than that in linear search. In average case, linear search takes O(n) time to search a list of n elements while Binary search takes O(log n) time to search a list of n elements.53) What are the advantages of Selecetion Sort?It is simple and easy to implement.It can be used for small data sets.It is 60 per cent more efficient than bubble sort.55) List Some Applications of Multilinked Structures?Sparse matrix,Index generation.56) What is the difference between NULL and VOID?Null is actually a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier.A null variable simply indicates an empty value, whereas void is used to identify pointers as having no initial size.
More detailsPublished - Mon, 05 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of top frequently asked Linux interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is Linux?Linux is a UNIX based operating system. Linus Torvalds first introduced it. It is an open source operating system that was designed to provide free and a low-cost operating system for the computer users.2) What is the difference between UNIX and Linux?UNIX was originally started as a propriety operating system for Bell Laboratories, which later release their commercial version while Linux is a free, open source and a non-propriety operating system for the mass uses.3) What is Linux Kernel?Linux Kernel is low-level system software. It is used to manage the hardware resources for the users. It provides an interface for user-level interaction.Play Videox4) Is it legal to edit Linux Kernel?Yes. You can edit Linux Kernel because it is released under General Public License (GPL) and anyone can edit it. It comes under the category of free and open source software.5) What is LILO?LILO is a boot loader for Linux. It is used to load the Linux operating system into the main memory to begin its operations.6) What is the advantage of open source?Open source facilitates you to distribute your software, including source codes freely to anyone who is interested. So, you can add features and even debug and correct errors of the source code.7) What are the basic components of Linux?Just like other operating systems, Linux has all components like kernel, shells, GUIs, system utilities and application programs.8) What is the advantage of Linux?Every aspect comes with additional features, and it provides a free downloading facility for all codes.9) Define shellIt is an interpreter in Linux.10) Name some shells that are commonly used in Linux.The most commonly used shells in Linux are bash, csh, ksh, bsh.11) Name the Linux which is specially designed by the Sun Microsystems.Solaris is the Linux of Sun Microsystems.12) Name the Linux loader.LILO is the Linux loader.13) If you have saved a file in Linux. Later you wish to rename that file, what command is designed for it?The 'mv' command is used to rename a file.14) Write about an internal command.The commands which are built in the shells are called as the internal commands.15) Define inode.Each file is given a unique name by the operating system which is called as the inode.16) If the programmer wishes to execute an instruction at the specified time. Which command is used?The 'at' command is used for the same.17) Explain process id.The operating system uniquely identifies each process by a unique id called as the process id.18) Name some Linux variants.Some of the Linux commands are:CentOSUbuntuRedhatDebianFedora19) What is Swap Space?Swap space is used to specify a space which is used by Linux to hold some concurrent running program temporarily. It is used when RAM does not have enough space to hold all programs that are executing.20) What is BASH?BASH is a short form of Bourne Again SHell. It was a replacement to the original Bourne shell, written by Steve Bourne.21) What is the basic difference between BASH and DOS?BASH commands are case sensitive while DOS commands are not case sensitive.DOS follows a convention in naming files. In DOS, 8 character file name is followed by a dot and 3 characters for the extension. BASH doesn't follow such convention.22) What is a root account?The root account is like a system administrator account. It provides you full control of the system. You can create and maintain user accounts, assign different permission for each account, etc.23) What is CLI?CLI stands for Command Line Interface. It is an interface that allows users to type declarative commands to instruct the computer to perform operations.24) What is the GUI?GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It uses the images and the icons which are clicked by the users to communicate with the system. It is more attractive and user-friendly because of the use of the images and icons.25) Which popular office suite is available free for both Microsoft and Linux?Open Office Suite is available free for both Microsoft and Linux. You can install it on both of them.26) Suppose your company is recently switched from Microsoft to Linux and you have some MS Word document to save and work in Linux, what will you do?Install Open Office Suite on Linux. It facilitates you to work with Microsoft documents.27) What is SMTP?SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is an internet standard for mail transmission.28) What is Samba? Why is it used?Samba service is used to connect Linux machines to Microsoft network resources by providing Microsoft SMB support.29) What are the basic commands for user management?last,chage,chsh,lsof,chown,chmod,useradd,userdel,newusers etc.30) What is the maximum length for a filename in Linux?255 characters.31) Is Linux Operating system virus free?No, There is no operating system till date that is virus free, but Linux is known to have less number of viruses.32) Which partition stores the system configuration files in Linux system?/stc partition.33) Which command is used to uncompress gzip files?gunzip command is used to uncompress gzip files.34) Why do developers use MD5 options on passwords?MD5 is an encryption method, so it is used to encrypt the passwords before saving.35) What is a virtual desktop?The virtual desktop is used as an alternative to minimizing and maximizing different windows on the current desktop. Virtual desktop facilitates you to open one or more programs on a clean slate rather than minimizing or restoring all the needed programs.36) What is the difference between soft and hard mounting points?In the soft mount, if the client fails to connect the server, it gives an error report and closes the connection whereas in the hard mount, if the client fails to access the server, the connection hangs; and once the system is up, it again accesses the server.37) Does the Alt+Ctrl+Del key combination work in Linux?Yes, it works like windows.38) What are the file permissions in Linux?There are 3 types of permissions in Linux OS that are given below:Read: User can read the file and list the directory.Write: User can write new files in the directory .Execute: User can access and run the file in a directory.39) What are the modes used in VI editor?There are 3 types of modes in vi Editor:Regular mode or command modeInsertion mode or edit modeReplacement mode or Ex-mode40) How to exit from vi editors?The following commands are used to exit from vi editors.:wq saves the current work and exits the VI.:q! exits the VI without saving current work.41) How to delete information from a file in vi?The following commands are used to delete information from vi editors.x deletes a current character.dd deletes the current line.42) How to create a new file or modify an existing file in vi?vi filename
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of top frequently asked Unix interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is Unix?UNIX is a portable operating system that is designed for efficient multitasking and multi-user functions. Since it is a portable operating system, it can run on different hardware platforms. It is written in C language. It was developed by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna.2) List the distributions of UNIX.UNIX has many distributions including Solaris UNIX, AIX, HP UNIX and BSD and many more.3) List some features of UNIX.UNIX includes the following features:UNIX supports the multiuser system: In UNIX it is possible that many users can use the system with their separate workspace and logins i.e.it has full support for the multiuser environment.UNIX supports the multitasking environment: In UNIX many apps can run at a single instance of time this is also known as a multitasking environment.4) What are the core concepts of UNIXThe core concepts of UNIX are given below.Kernel- The kernel is also known as the heart of the operating system. Its fundamental role is to interact with the hardware and also monitor major processes like memory management, file management, and task scheduling.Shell- It is also called command prompt, it connects the user to the operating system, whatever is typed by the user is translated into the language understood by the command prompt, and then the corresponding actions are performed.Commands and Utilities- Many built-in commands help the user perform day to day activities.mv,cat,cp,and grep etc. Some of the examplesDirectories- Every bit of data is stored in files, and these files are stored in directories, these directories combine to form a tree-like structure.5) What is a UNIX shell?The UNIX shell is a program which is used as an interface between the user and the UNIX operating system. It is not a part of the kernel, but it can communicate directly with the server.6) What is filter?A filter is a program that takes input from standard inputs and performs some operation on that input to produce a result as standard output.7) What are the devices represented in UNIX?All devices in UNIX are represented by particular files that are located in /dev directory.8) Is there any method to erase all files in the current directory, along with its all sub-directories, by using only one command?Yes, you should use "rm-r*" command for this purpose.Here, the "rm" command is used for deleting files, the -r option will erase directories and subdirectories with their internal data and * is used for selecting all entries.9) What is necessary before running a shell script from the terminal?You must make the shell script executable by using the UNIX "chmod" command.10) How to terminate a shell script if statement?A shell script if statement can be terminated by using "fi."11) Write down some common shells with their indicators?sh - Bourne shellcsh - C Shellbash - Bourne Again Shelltcsh - enhanced C Shellzsh - Z Shellksh - Korn Shell12) What are the main features of Korn Shell?ArraysJob controlCommand AliasingString manipulation abilityBuilt-in integer arithmetic13) What is the difference between cat command and more command?The cat command is used to display the file contents on the terminal, whereas more command is used like a pager which displays the screen page by page If the file is large and you have to scroll off the screen before you view it.14) Which command is used to restrict incoming messages?The "mesg" command is used to restrict incoming messages.15) Which command is used to kill the last background job?The "kill $!" Command is used to kill the last background job.16) Which data structure is used to maintain the file identification?The "inode" data structure is used to maintain the file identification. Each file has a separate inode and a unique inode number.17) What a pipe?A pipe is used to join two or more commands by using a pipe "I" character. The output of the first command is propagated to the second command through the pipe.18) What are the links and symbolic links in a UNIX file system?A link is a second name for a file. Links are used to assign more than one name to a file, but cannot be used to designate a directory more than one name or link filenames on different computers.Symbolic links are the files that only contain the name of another file. The operations on the symbolic link are directed to the file pointed by it. Both the limitations of connections are eliminated in symbolic links.19) Explain system bootup in UNIX.System bootup is the first thing that takes place when the power button is pressed in UNIX. Whenever the power button is pressed, BIOS is fired up and checks if all the hardware connected to the system are working correctly, after being successful the system asks the user to provide authentication.20) How to change the password in UNIX operating system?To change the password in UNIX operating system :Type in the command passwd.You will get a screen which prompts to enter your default(current) password, type your current password.if the current password is verified, then the terminal will prompt you to enter the new password.Enter the new password twice, and your password will be updated.21) How to list directories in UNIX?Command ls can be used to list directories in command prompt. Also, we can also use a variety of ls commands like:ls -aIn Linux, hidden files start with. (dot) Symbol and they are not visible in the regular directory. The (ls -a) command will enlist the whole list of the current directory including the hidden files.ls -lIt will show the list in a long list format.ls -lhThis command will show you the file sizes in human readable format. Size of the file is tough to read when displayed regarding a byte. The (ls -lh)command will give you the data regarding Mb, Gb, Tb, etc.ls -lhSIf you want to display your files in descending order (highest at the top) according to their size, then you can use (ls -lhS) command.ls -l - -block-size=[SIZE]It is used to display the files in a specific size format. Here, in [SIZE] you can assign size according to your requirement.ls -d */It is used to display only sub directories.ls -g or ls -lGWith this, you can exclude column of group information and owner.ls -nIt is used to print group ID and owner ID instead of their names.ls --color=[Value]This command is used to print list as colored or discolored.ls -liThis command prints the index number if the file in the first column.ls -pIt is used to identify the directory easily by marking the directories with a slash (/) line sign.ls -RIt will display the content of the sub-directories also.ls -lXIt will group the files with the same extensions together in the list.ls -ltIt will sort the list by displaying a recently modified file at the top.ls ~It gives the contents of the home directory.ls ../It gives the contents of the parent directory.ls --versionIt checks the version of ls command.22) How to check the date in UNIX?To display the date in UNIX use the date command in command prompt.23) How to log out in UNIX?To log out of UNIX type the logout command in the command prompt.24) How to perform a system shutdown in UNIX?To perform system shutdown in UNIX, you can use the following commands:haltinit 0init 6power offrebootshutdown25) How many types of files are there in UNIX?There are three kinds of files in UNIX:Ordinary files: An ordinary file is the one which contains data, text or program instructions.Directories: These include both ordinary files and special files.Special Files: These are the files which provide unique access to hardware such as hard drives, CD-Rom Drives e.t.c.26) What are hidden files in UNIX?Hidden files in UNIX are the files which have a .(dot) before the file name. These files do not show up in the traditional file manager.Common examples of hidden files are:.profile.kshrc.rhosts.cshrc27) What is the difference between a single dot and double dot in UNIX?.(Single dot)-represents the current directory..(Double dot)-represents the parent directory.28) How to create files in UNIX?Creating files in UNIX is simple. The User needs to use the vi editor to create new files.Type vi filename in command prompt to create new files. We can also use the touch command to create a zero byte file.29) How to display the contents of a file?The user can use the cat command followed by the filename to display the command of a file. This command should be entered in the command prompt. The syntax of the command is shown below.$ cat filenameWhere the cat is the command to view contents of the file specified by the filename. Also if you want the line number to be displayed along with the content, you can use cat command with option -b.30) How to calculate the number of words in a file?To count the number of words in a file, Use the following command.$ wc filenameWhere wc is the command to count the number of words in the file specified by filename.31) How to create a blank file in UNIX?Blank files can be created by using the touch command, the syntax for the touch command is as follows:$ touch filename32) How to know the present working directory in UNIX?To know the present working directory, Run the following command on the terminal.$ pwd33) How to know the information about a file?To fetch the information about a file, use the following command.$ file filename34) How to change the directory in UNIX?To change the directory, you can use the cd command in the terminal window. It changes the current directory to the specified directory.$ cd directory-name35) How to move files from one directory to other in UNIX?In UNIX, mv command is used to move the file from one directory to some other directory.$ mv <file-name> <destination path>36) How to copy files from one directory to other in UNIX?In UNIX, cp command is used to copy a file from one directory to some other directory. The syntax of the cp command is given below.$ cp -r source filename destination file name.The -r is used to copy all the content of a directory including sub-directories recursively.37) How to remove files in UNIX?To remove files, you can use the rm command. The syntax of the rm command is given below.$ rm <filename>we can use -r with the rm command to delete all the sub-directories recursively.38) How to make a new directory in UNIX?To make a new directory, you can use the mkdir command.$ mkdir <directory-name>39) How to remove the directory in UNIX?To remove the directory, you can use the rmdir command. To use this command, use the following syntax.$ rmdir filename.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
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