A list of 50 top frequently asked C programming interview questions and answers are given below.
1) What is C language?
C is a mid-level and procedural programming language. The Procedural programming language is also known as the structured programming language is a technique in which large programs are broken down into smaller modules, and each module uses structured code. This technique minimizes error and misinterpretation. More details.
2) Why is C known as a mother language?
C is known as a mother language because most of the compilers and JVMs are written in C language. Most of the languages which are developed after C language has borrowed heavily from it like C++, Python, Rust, javascript, etc. It introduces new core concepts like arrays, functions, file handling which are used in these languages. More details.
3) Why is C called a mid-level programming language?
C is called a mid-level programming language because it binds the low level and high -level programming language. We can use C language as a System programming to develop the operating system as well as an Application programming to generate menu driven customer driven billing system. More details.
A variable which is declared as static is known as a static variable. The static variable retains its value between multiple function calls.
Static variables are used because the scope of the static variable is available in the entire program. So, we can access a static variable anywhere in the program.
The static variable is initially initialized to zero. If we update the value of a variable, then the updated value is assigned.
The static variable is used as a common value which is shared by all the methods.
The static variable is initialized only once in the memory heap to reduce the memory usage.
An Array is a group of similar types of elements. It has a contiguous memory location. It makes the code optimized, easy to traverse and easy to sort. The size and type of arrays cannot be changed after its declaration.
Arrays are of two types:
One-dimensional array: One-dimensional array is an array that stores the elements one after the another.
Syntax:
data_type array_name[size];
Multidimensional array: Multidimensional array is an array that contains more than one array.
Syntax:
data_type array_name[size];
Example of an array:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int arr[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; //an array consists of five integer values.
A pointer is a variable that refers to the address of a value. It makes the code optimized and makes the performance fast. Whenever a variable is declared inside a program, then the system allocates some memory to a variable. The memory contains some address number. The variables that hold this address number is known as the pointer variable.
For example:
Data_type *p;
The above syntax tells that p is a pointer variable that holds the address number of a given data type value.
Accessing array elements: Pointers are used in traversing through an array of integers and strings. The string is an array of characters which is terminated by a null character '\0'.
Dynamic memory allocation: Pointers are used in allocation and deallocation of memory during the execution of a program.
Call by Reference: The pointers are used to pass a reference of a variable to other function.
Data Structures like a tree, graph, linked list, etc.: The pointers are used to construct different data structures like tree, graph, linked list, etc.
16) What is a NULL pointer in C?
A pointer that doesn't refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a NULL pointer. When we assign a '0' value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null pointer.
A pointer which can access all the 16 segments (whole residence memory) of RAM is known as far pointer. A far pointer is a 32-bit pointer that obtains information outside the memory in a given section.
18) What is dangling pointer in C?
If a pointer is pointing any memory location, but meanwhile another pointer deletes the memory occupied by the first pointer while the first pointer still points to that memory location, the first pointer will be known as a dangling pointer. This problem is known as a dangling pointer problem.
Dangling pointer arises when an object is deleted without modifying the value of the pointer. The pointer points to the deallocated memory.
Let's see this through an example.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int *ptr = malloc(constant value); //allocating a memory space.
free(ptr); //ptr becomes a dangling pointer.
}
In the above example, initially memory is allocated to the pointer variable ptr, and then the memory is deallocated from the pointer variable. Now, pointer variable, i.e., ptr becomes a dangling pointer.
How to overcome the problem of a dangling pointer
The problem of a dangling pointer can be overcome by assigning a NULL value to the dangling pointer. Let's understand this through an example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int *ptr = malloc(constant value); //allocating a memory space.
free(ptr); //ptr becomes a dangling pointer.
ptr=NULL; //Now, ptr is no longer a dangling pointer.
}
In the above example, after deallocating the memory from a pointer variable, ptr is assigned to a NULL value. This means that ptr does not point to any memory location. Therefore, it is no longer a dangling pointer.
19) What is pointer to pointer in C?
In case of a pointer to pointer concept, one pointer refers to the address of another pointer. The pointer to pointer is a chain of pointers. Generally, the pointer contains the address of a variable. The pointer to pointer contains the address of a first pointer. Let's understand this concept through an example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=10;
int *ptr,**pptr; // *ptr is a pointer and **pptr is a double pointer.
ptr=&a;
pptr=&ptr;
printf("value of a is:%d",a);
printf("\n");
printf("value of *ptr is : %d",*ptr);
printf("\n");
printf("value of **pptr is : %d",**pptr);
return 0;
}
In the above example, pptr is a double pointer pointing to the address of the ptr variable and ptr points to the address of 'a' variable.
In case of static memory allocation, memory is allocated at compile time, and memory can't be increased while executing the program. It is used in the array.
The lifetime of a variable in static memory is the lifetime of a program.
The static memory is allocated using static keyword.
The static memory is implemented using stacks or heap.
The pointer is required to access the variable present in the static memory.
The static memory is faster than dynamic memory.
In static memory, more memory space is required to store the variable.
For example:
int a[10];
The above example creates an array of integer type, and the size of an array is fixed, i.e., 10.
In case of dynamic memory allocation, memory is allocated at runtime and memory can be increased while executing the program. It is used in the linked list.
The malloc() or calloc() function is required to allocate the memory at the runtime.
An allocation or deallocation of memory is done at the execution time of a program.
No dynamic pointers are required to access the memory.
The dynamic memory is implemented using data segments.
Less memory space is required to store the variable.
For example
int *p= malloc(sizeof(int)*10);
The above example allocates the memory at runtime.
The structure is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data in a single unit. It occupies the sum of the memory of all members.
The structure members can be accessed only through structure variables.
Structure variables accessing the same structure but the memory allocated for each variable will be different.
Syntax of structure
struct structure_name
{
Member_variable1;
Member_variable2
.
.
}[structure variables];
Let's see a simple example.
#include <stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[10]; // structure members declaration.
int age;
}s1; //structure variable
int main()
{
printf("Enter the name");
scanf("%s",s1.name);
printf("\n");
printf("Enter the age");
scanf("%d",&s1.age);
printf("\n");
printf("Name and age of a student: %s,%d",s1.name,s1.age);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the name shikha
Enter the age 26
Name and age of a student: shikha,26
The union is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data in a single unit. However, it doesn't occupy the sum of the memory of all members. It holds the memory of the largest member only.
In union, we can access only one variable at a time as it allocates one common space for all the members of a union.
Syntax of union
union union_name
{
Member_variable1;
Member_variable2;
.
.
Member_variable n;
}[union variables];
Let's see a simple example
#include<stdio.h>
union data
{
int a; //union members declaration.
float b;
char ch;
};
int main()
{
union data d; //union variable.
d.a=3;
d.b=5.6;
d.ch='a';
printf("value of a is %d",d.a);
printf("\n");
printf("value of b is %f",d.b);
printf("\n");
printf("value of ch is %c",d.ch);
return0;
}
Output:
value of a is 1085485921
value of b is 5.600022
value of ch is a
In the above example, the value of a and b gets corrupted, and only variable ch shows the actual output. This is because all the members of a union share the common memory space. Hence, the variable ch whose value is currently updated.
In C, every local variable of a function is known as an automatic (auto) variable. Variables which are declared inside the function block are known as a local variable. The local variables are also known as an auto variable. It is optional to use an auto keyword before the data type of a variable. If no value is stored in the local variable, then it consists of a garbage value.
27) What is the purpose of sprintf() function?
The sprintf() stands for "string print." The sprintf() function does not print the output on the console screen. It transfers the data to the buffer. It returns the total number of characters present in the string.
Syntax
int sprintf ( char * str, constchar * format, ... );
Let's see a simple example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char a[20];
int n=sprintf(a,"javaToint");
printf("value of n is %d",n);
return 0;}
Output:
value of n is 9
28) Can we compile a program without main() function?
Yes, we can compile, but it can't be executed.
But, if we use #define, we can compile and run a C program without using the main() function. For example:
The Token is an identifier. It can be constant, keyword, string literal, etc. A token is the smallest individual unit in a program. C has the following tokens:
Identifiers: Identifiers refer to the name of the variables.
Keywords: Keywords are the predefined words that are explained by the compiler.
Constants: Constants are the fixed values that cannot be changed during the execution of a program.
Operators: An operator is a symbol that performs the particular operation.
Special characters: All the characters except alphabets and digits are treated as special characters.
30) What is command line argument?
The argument passed to the main() function while executing the program is known as command line argument. For example:
main(int count, char *args[]){
//code to be executed
}
31) What is the acronym for ANSI?
The ANSI stands for " American National Standard Institute." It is an organization that maintains the broad range of disciplines including photographic film, computer languages, data encoding, mechanical parts, safety and more.
32) What is the difference between getch() and getche()?
The getch() function reads a single character from the keyboard. It doesn't use any buffer, so entered data will not be displayed on the output screen.
The getche() function reads a single character from the keyword, but data is displayed on the output screen. Press Alt+f5 to see the entered character.
Let's see a simple example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Enter a character ");
ch=getch(); // taking an user input without printing the value.
printf("\nvalue of ch is %c",ch);
printf("\nEnter a character again ");
ch=getche(); // taking an user input and then displaying it on the screen.
printf("\nvalue of ch is %c",ch);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a character
value of ch is a
Enter a character again a
value of ch is a
In the above example, the value entered through a getch() function is not displayed on the screen while the value entered through a getche() function is displayed on the screen.
33) What is the newline escape sequence?
The new line escape sequence is represented by "\n". It inserts a new line on the output screen.
34) Who is the main contributor in designing the C language after Dennis Ritchie?
Brain Kernighan.
35) What is the difference between near, far and huge pointers?
A virtual address is composed of the selector and offset.
A near pointer doesn't have explicit selector whereas far, and huge pointers have explicit selector. When you perform pointer arithmetic on the far pointer, the selector is not modified, but in case of a huge pointer, it can be modified.
These are the non-standard keywords and implementation specific. These are irrelevant in a modern platform.
36) What is the maximum length of an identifier?
It is 32 characters ideally but implementation specific.
37) What is typecasting?
The typecasting is a process of converting one data type into another is known as typecasting. If we want to store the floating type value to an int type, then we will convert the data type into another data type explicitly.
Syntax
(type_name) expression;
38) What are the functions to open and close the file in C language?
The fopen() function is used to open file whereas fclose() is used to close file.
39) Can we access the array using a pointer in C language?
Yes, by holding the base address of array into a pointer, we can access the array using a pointer.
40) What is an infinite loop?
A loop running continuously for an indefinite number of times is called the infinite loop.
Infinite For Loop:
for(;;){
//code to be executed
}
Infinite While Loop:
while(1){
//code to be executed
}
Infinite Do-While Loop:
do{
//code to be executed
}while(1);
41) Write a program to print "hello world" without using a semicolon?
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
if(printf("hello world")){} // It prints the ?hello world? on the screen.
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