Are you looking to Enroll in course?
Are you ready to take your skills to the next level? Enroll in our course today and unlock your full potential
Live Classes: Upskill your knowledge Now!
Chat NowAre you ready to take your skills to the next level? Enroll in our course today and unlock your full potential
LIMITED SEATS AVAILABLE! 
Created by - Admin s
A list of top frequently asked networking interview questions and answers are given below1) What is the network?A network is a set of devices that are connected with a physical media link. In a network, two or more nodes are connected by a physical link or two or more networks are connected by one or more nodes.A network is a collection of devices connected to each other to allow the sharing of data.Example of a network is an internet. An internet connects the millions of people across the world.2) What do you mean by network topology?Network topology specifies the layout of a computer network. It shows how devices and cables are connected to each other. The types of topologies are:Bus:Bus topology is a network topology in which all the nodes are connected to a single cable known as a central cable or bus.It acts as a shared communication medium, i.e., if any device wants to send the data to other devices, then it will send the data over the bus which in turn sends the data to all the attached devices.Bus topology is useful for a small number of devices. As if the bus is damaged then the whole network fails.Star:Play VideoxStar topology is a network topology in which all the nodes are connected to a single device known as a central device.Star topology requires more cable compared to other topologies. Therefore, it is more robust as a failure in one cable will only disconnect a specific computer connected to this cable.If the central device is damaged, then the whole network fails.Star topology is very easy to install, manage and troubleshoot.Star topology is commonly used in office and home networks.RingRing topology is a network topology in which nodes are exactly connected to two or more nodes and thus, forming a single continuous path for the transmission.It does not need any central server to control the connectivity among the nodes.If the single node is damaged, then the whole network fails.Ring topology is very rarely used as it is expensive, difficult to install and manage.Examples of Ring topology are SONET network, SDH network, etc.MeshMesh topology is a network topology in which all the nodes are individually connected to other nodes.It does not need any central switch or hub to control the connectivity among the nodes.Mesh topology is categorized into two parts:Fully connected mesh topology: In this topology, all the nodes are connected to each other.Partially connected mesh topology: In this topology, all the nodes are not connected to each other.It is a robust as a failure in one cable will only disconnect the specified computer connected to this cable.Mesh topology is rarely used as installation and configuration are difficult when connectivity gets more.Cabling cost is high as it requires bulk wiring.TreeTree topology is a combination of star and bus topology. It is also known as the expanded star topology.In tree topology, all the star networks are connected to a single bus.Ethernet protocol is used in this topology.In this, the whole network is divided into segments known as star networks which can be easily maintained. If one segment is damaged, but there is no effect on other segments.Tree topology depends on the "main bus," and if it breaks, then the whole network gets damaged.HybridA hybrid topology is a combination of different topologies to form a resulting topology.If star topology is connected with another star topology, then it remains star topology. If star topology is connected with different topology, then it becomes a Hybrid topology.It provides flexibility as it can be implemented in a different network environment.The weakness of a topology is ignored, and only strength will be taken into consideration.3) What are the advantages of Distributed Processing?A list of advantages of distributed processing:SecureSupport EncapsulationDistributed databaseFaster Problem solvingSecurity through redundancyCollaborative Processing4) What is the criteria to check the network reliability?Network reliability: Network reliability means the ability of the network to carry out the desired operation through a network such as communication through a network.Network reliability plays a significant role in the network functionality. The network monitoring systems and devices are the essential requirements for making the network reliable.The network monitoring system identifies the problems that are occurred in the network while the network devices ensure that data should reach the appropriate destination.The reliability of a network can be measured by the following factors:Downtime: The downtime is defined as the required time to recover.Failure Frequency: It is the frequency when it fails to work the way it is intended.Catastrophe: It indicates that the network has been attacked by some unexpected event such as fire, earthquake.5) Which are the different factors that affect the security of a network?There are mainly two security affecting factors:Unauthorized AccessViruses6) Which are the different factors that affect the reliability of a network?The following factors affect the reliability of a network:Frequency of failureRecovery time of a network after a failure7) Which are the different factors that affect the performance of a network?The following factors affect the performance of a network:Large number of usersTransmission medium typesHardwareSoftware8) What makes a network effective and efficient?There are mainly two criteria which make a network effective and efficient:Performance: : performance can be measured in many ways like transmit time and response time.Reliability: reliability is measured by frequency of failure.Robustness: robustness specifies the quality or condition of being strong and in good condition.Security: It specifies how to protect data from unauthorized access and viruses.9) What is bandwidth?Every signal has a limit of upper range frequency and lower range frequency. The range of limit of network between its upper and lower frequency is called bandwidth.10) What is a node and link?A network is a connection setup of two or more computers directly connected by some physical mediums like optical fiber or coaxial cable. This physical medium of connection is known as a link, and the computers that it is connected are known as nodes.11) What is a gateway? Is there any difference between a gateway and router?A node that is connected to two or more networks is commonly known as a gateway. It is also known as a router. It is used to forward messages from one network to another. Both the gateway and router regulate the traffic in the network.Differences between gateway and router:A router sends the data between two similar networks while gateway sends the data between two dissimilar networks.12) What is DNS?DNS is an acronym stands for Domain Name System.DNS was introduced by Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel in 1983.It is a naming system for all the resources over the internet which includes physical nodes and applications. It is used to locate to resource easily over a network.DNS is an internet which maps the domain names to their associated IP addresses.Without DNS, users must know the IP address of the web page that you wanted to access.Working of DNS:If you want to visit the website of "javaTpoint", then the user will type "https://www.javatpoint.com" into the address bar of the web browser. Once the domain name is entered, then the domain name system will translate the domain name into the IP address which can be easily interpreted by the computer. Using the IP address, the computer can locate the web page requested by the user.13) What is DNS forwarder?A forwarder is used with DNS server when it receives DNS queries that cannot be resolved quickly. So it forwards those requests to external DNS servers for resolution.A DNS server which is configured as a forwarder will behave differently than the DNS server which is not configured as a forwarder.Following are the ways that the DNS server behaves when it is configured as a forwarder:When the DNS server receives the query, then it resolves the query by using a cache.If the DNS server is not able to resolve the query, then it forwards the query to another DNS server.If the forwarder is not available, then it will try to resolve the query by using root hint.14) What is NIC?NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It is a peripheral card attached to the PC to connect to a network. Every NIC has its own MAC address that identifies the PC on the network.It provides a wireless connection to a local area network.NICs were mainly used in desktop computers.15) What is the meaning of 10Base-T?It is used to specify data transfer rate. In 10Base-T, 10 specify the data transfer rate, i.e., 10Mbps. The word Base specifies the baseband as opposed to broadband. T specifies the type of the cable which is a twisted pair.16) What is NOS in computer networking?NOS stands for Network Operating System. It is specialized software which is used to provide network connectivity to a computer to make communication possible with other computers and connected devices.NOS is the software which allows the device to communicate, share files with other devices.The first network operating system was Novel NetWare released in 1983. Some other examples of NOS are Windows 2000, Windows XP, Linux, etc.17) What are the different types of networks?Networks can be divided on the basis of area of distribution. For example:PAN (Personal Area Network): Its range limit is up to 10 meters. It is created for personal use. Generally, personal devices are connected to this network. For example computers, telephones, fax, printers, etc.LAN (Local Area Network): It is used for a small geographical location like office, hospital, school, etc.HAN (House Area Network): It is actually a LAN that is used within a house and used to connect homely devices like personal computers, phones, printers, etc.CAN (Campus Area Network): It is a connection of devices within a campus area which links to other departments of the organization within the same campus.MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): It is used to connect the devices which span to large cities like metropolitan cities over a wide geographical area.WAN (Wide Area Network): It is used over a wide geographical location that may range to connect cities and countries.GAN (Global Area Network): It uses satellites to connect devices over global are.18) What is POP3?POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol version3. POP is responsible for accessing the mail service on a client machine. POP3 works on two models such as Delete mode and Keep mode.19) What do you understand by MAC address?MAC stands for Media Access Control. It is the address of the device at the Media Access Control Layer of Network Architecture. It is a unique address means no two devices can have same MAC addresses.20) What is IP address?IP address is a unique 32 bit software address of a computer in a network system.21) What is private IP address?There are three ranges of IP addresses that have been reserved for IP addresses. They are not valid for use on the internet. If you want to access internet on these private IPs, you must have to use proxy server or NAT server.22) What is public IP address?A public IP address is an address taken by the Internet Service Provider which facilitates you to communication on the internet.23) What is APIPA?APIPA is an acronym stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing. This feature is generally found in Microsoft operating system.24) What is the full form of ADS?ADS stands for Active Directory Structure.ADS is a microsoft technology used to manage the computers and other devices.ADS allows the network administrators to manage the domains, users and objects within the network.ADS consists of three main tiers:Domain: Users that use the same database will be grouped into a single domain.Tree: Multiple domains can be grouped into a single tree.Forest: Multiple trees can be grouped into a single forest.25) What is RAID?RAID is a method to provide Fault Tolerance by using multiple Hard Disc Drives.26) What is anonymous FTP?Anonymous FTP is used to grant users access to files in public servers. Users which are allowed access to data in these servers do not need to identify themselves, but instead log in as an anonymous guest.27) What is protocol?A protocol is a set of rules which is used to govern all the aspects of information communication.28) What are the main elements of a protocol?The main elements of a protocol are:Syntax: It specifies the structure or format of the data. It also specifies the order in which they are presented.Semantics: It specifies the meaning of each section of bits.Timing: Timing specifies two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast it can be sent.29 What is the Domain Name System?There are two types of client/server programs. First is directly used by the users and the second supports application programs.The Domain Name System is the second type supporting program that is used by other programs such as to find the IP address of an e-mail recipient.30) What is link?A link is connectivity between two devices which includes the cables and protocols used in order to make communication between devices.31) How many layers are in OSI reference model?OSI reference model: OSI reference model is an ISO standard which defines a networking framework for implementing the protocols in seven layers. These seven layers can be grouped into three categories:Network layer: Layer 1, Layer 2 and layer 3 are the network layers.Transport layer: Layer 4 is a transport layer.Application layer. Layer 5, Layer 6 and Layer 7 are the application layers.There are 7 layers in the OSI reference model.1. Physical LayerIt is the lowest layer of the OSI reference model.It is used for the transmission of an unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium.Physical layer transmits the data either in the form of electrical/optical or mechanical form.The physical layer is mainly used for the physical connection between the devices, and such physical connection can be made by using twisted-pair cable, fibre-optic or wireless transmission media.2. DataLink LayerIt is used for transferring the data from one node to another node.It receives the data from the network layer and converts the data into data frames and then attach the physical address to these frames which are sent to the physical layer.It enables the error-free transfer of data from one node to another node.Functions of Data-link layer:Frame synchronization: Data-link layer converts the data into frames, and it ensures that the destination must recognize the starting and ending of each frame.Flow control: Data-link layer controls the data flow within the network.Error control: It detects and corrects the error occurred during the transmission from source to destination.Addressing: Data-link layer attach the physical address with the data frames so that the individual machines can be easily identified.Link management: Data-link layer manages the initiation, maintenance and, termination of the link between the source and destination for the effective exchange of data.3. Network LayerNetwork layer converts the logical address into the physical address.It provides the routing concept means it determines the best route for the packet to travel from source to the destination.Functions of network layer:Routing: The network layer determines the best route from source to destination. This function is known as routing.Logical addressing: The network layer defines the addressing scheme to identify each device uniquely.Packetizing: The network layer receives the data from the upper layer and converts the data into packets. This process is known as packetizing.Internetworking: The network layer provides the logical connection between the different types of networks for forming a bigger network.Fragmentation: It is a process of dividing the packets into the fragments.4. Transport LayerIt delivers the message through the network and provides error checking so that no error occurs during the transfer of data.It provides two kinds of services:Connection-oriented transmission: In this transmission, the receiver sends the acknowledgement to the sender after the packet has been received.Connectionless transmission: In this transmission, the receiver does not send the acknowledgement to the sender.5. Session LayerThe main responsibility of the session layer is beginning, maintaining and ending the communication between the devices.Session layer also reports the error coming from the upper layers.Session layer establishes and maintains the session between the two users.6. Presentation LayerThe presentation layer is also known as a Translation layer as it translates the data from one format to another format.At the sender side, this layer translates the data format used by the application layer to the common format and at the receiver side, this layer translates the common format into a format used by the application layer.Functions of presentation layer:Character code translationData conversionData compressionData encryption7. Application LayerApplication layer enables the user to access the network.It is the topmost layer of the OSI reference model.Application layer protocols are file transfer protocol, simple mail transfer protocol, domain name system, etc.The most widely used application protocol is HTTP(Hypertext transfer protocol ). A user sends the request for the web page using HTTP.32) What is the usage of OSI physical layer?The OSI physical layer is used to convert data bits into electrical signals and vice versa. On this layer, network devices and cable types are considered and setup.33) Explain the functionality of OSI session layer?OSI session layer provides the protocols and means for two devices on the network to communicate with each other by holding a session. This layer is responsible for setting up the session, managing information exchange during the session, and tear-down process upon termination of the session.34) What is the maximum length allowed for a UTP cable?The maximum length of UTP cable is 90 to 100 meters.35) What is RIP?RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol. It is accessed by the routers to send data from one network to another.RIP is a dynamic protocol which is used to find the best route from source to the destination over a network by using the hop count algorithm.Routers use this protocol to exchange the network topology information.This protocol can be used by small or medium-sized networks.36) What do you understand by TCP/IP?TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol /Internet protocol. It is a set of protocol layers that is designed for exchanging data on different types of networks.37) What is netstat?The "netstat" is a command line utility program. It gives useful information about the current TCP/IP setting of a connection.38) What do you understand by ping command?The "ping" is a utility program that allows you to check the connectivity between the network devices. You can ping devices using its IP address or name.39) What is Sneakernet?Sneakernet is the earliest form of networking where the data is physically transported using removable media.40) Explain the peer-peer process.The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called peer-peer process.41) What is a congested switch?A switch receives packets faster than the shared link. It can accommodate and stores in its memory, for an extended period of time, then the switch will eventually run out of buffer space, and some packets will have to be dropped. This state is called a congested state.42) What is multiplexing in networking?In Networking, multiplexing is the set of techniques that is used to allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.43) What are the advantages of address sharing?Address sharing provides security benefit instead of routing. That's because host PCs on the Internet can only see the public IP address of the external interface on the computer that provides address translation and not the private IP addresses on the internal network.44) What is RSA Algorithm?RSA is short for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm. It is mostly used for public key encryption.45) How many layers are in TCP/IP?There are basic 4 layers in TCP/IP:Application LayerTransport LayerInternet LayerNetwork Layer46) What is the difference between TCP/IP model and the OSI model?Following are the differences between the TCP/IP model and OSI model:TCP/IP modelOSI modelFull form of TCP is transmission control protocol.Full form of OSI is Open System Interconnection.TCP/IP has 4 layers.OSI has 7 layers.TCP/IP is more reliable than the OSI model.OSI model is less reliable as compared to the TCP/IP model.TCP/IP model uses horizontal approach.OSI model uses vertical approach.TCP/IP model uses both session and presentation layer in the application layer.OSI Reference model uses separate session and presentation layers.TCP/IP model developed the protocols first and then model.OSI model developed the model first and then protocols.In Network layer, TCP/IP model supports only connectionless communication.In the Network layer, the OSI model supports both connection-oriented and connectionless communication.TCP/IP model is a protocol dependent.OSI model is a protocol independent.47) What is the difference between domain and workgroup?WorkgroupDomainA workgroup is a peer-to-peer computer network.A domain is a Client/Server network.A Workgroup can consist of maximum 10 computers.A domain can consist up to 2000 computers.Every user can manage the resources individually on their PCs.There is one administrator to administer the domain and its resources.All the computers must be on the same local area network.The computer can be on any network or anywhere in the world.Each computer must be changed manually.Any change made to the computer will reflect the changes to all the computers.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
Android programming is growing day by day. The questions asked by interviewers in android is given below. A list of top android interview questions and answers:1) What is Android?Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system used in mobiles, tablets, televisions, etc.2) Who is the founder of Android?Andy Rubin.3) Explain the Android application Architecture.Following is a list of components of Android application architecture:Play VideoxServices: Used to perform background functionalities.Intent: Used to perform the interconnection between activities and the data passing mechanism.Resource Externalization: strings and graphics.Notification: light, sound, icon, notification, dialog box and toast.Content Providers: It will share the data between applications.4) What are the code names of android?AestroBlenderCupcakeDonutEclairFroyoGingerbreadHoneycombIce Cream SandwichJelly BeanKitKatLollipopMarshmallowMore details...5) What are the advantages of Android?Open-source: It means no license, distribution and development fee.Platform-independent: It supports Windows, Mac, and Linux platforms.Supports various technologies: It supports camera, Bluetooth, wifi, speech, EDGE etc. technologies.Highly optimized Virtual Machine: Android uses a highly optimized virtual machine for mobile devices, called DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine).6) Does android support other languages than java?Yes, an android app can be developed in C/C++ also using android NDK (Native Development Kit). It makes the performance faster. It should be used with Android SDK.7) What are the core building blocks of android?The core building blocks of Android are:ActivityViewIntentServiceContent ProviderFragment etc.More details...8) What is activity in Android?Activity is like a frame or window in java that represents GUI. It represents one screen of android.9) What are the life cycle methods of android activity?There are 7 life-cycle methods of activity. They are as follows:onCreate()onStart()onResume()onPause()onStop()onRestart()onDestroy()More details...10) What is intent?It is a kind of message or information that is passed to the components. It is used to launch an activity, display a web page, send SMS, send email, etc. There are two types of intents in android:Implicit IntentExplicit Intent11) How are view elements identified in the android program?View elements can be identified using the keyword findViewById.12) Define Android toast.An android toast provides feedback to the users about the operation being performed by them. It displays the message regarding the status of operation initiated by the user.13) Give a list of impotent folders in androidThe following folders are declared as impotent in android:AndroidManifest.xmlbuild.xmlbin/src/res/assets/14) Explain the use of 'bundle' in android?We use bundles to pass the required data to various subfolders.15) What is an application resource file?The files which can be injected for the building up of a process are called as application resource file.16) What is the use of LINUX ID in android?A unique Linux ID is assigned to each application in android. It is used for the tracking of a process.17) Can the bytecode be written in java be run on android?No18) List the various storages that are provided by Android.The various storage provided by android are:Shared PreferencesInternal StorageExternal StorageSQLite DatabasesNetwork Connection19) How are layouts placed in Android?Layouts in Android are placed as XML files.20) Where are layouts placed in Android?Layouts in Android are placed in the layout folder.21) What is the implicit intent in android?The Implicit intent is used to invoke the system components.22) What is explicit intent in android?An explicit intent is used to invoke the activity class.23) How to call another activity in android?Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), ActivityTwo.class); startActivity(i); 24) What is service in android?A service is a component that runs in the background. It is used to play music, handle network transaction, etc.More details...25) What is the name of the database used in android?SQLite: An opensource and lightweight relational database for mobile devices.More details...26) What is AAPT?AAPT is an acronym for android asset packaging tool. It handles the packaging process.27) What is a content provider?A content provider is used to share information between Android applications.28) What is fragment?The fragment is a part of Activity by which we can display multiple screens on one activity.29) What is ADB?ADB stands for Android Debug Bridge. It is a command line tool that is used to communicate with the emulator instance.30) What is NDK?NDK stands for Native Development Kit. By using NDK, you can develop a part of an app using native language such as C/C++ to boost the performance.31) What is ANR?ANR stands for Application Not Responding. It is a dialog box that appears if the application is no longer responding.32) What is the Google Android SDK?The Google Android SDK is a toolset which is used by developers to write apps on Android-enabled devices. It contains a graphical interface that emulates an Android-driven handheld environment and allows them to test and debug their codes.33) What is an APK format?APK is a short form stands for Android Packaging Key. It is a compressed key with classes, UI's, supportive assets and manifest. All files are compressed to a single file is called APK.34) Which language does Android support to develop an application?Android applications are written by using the java (Android SDK) and C/C++ (Android NDK).35) What is ADT in Android?ADT stands for Android Development Tool. It is used to develop the applications and test the applications.36) What is View Group in Android?View Group is a collection of views and other child views. It is an invisible part and the base class for layouts.37) What is the Adapter in Android?An adapter is used to create a child view to present the parent view items.38) What is nine-patch images tool in Android?We can change bitmap images into nine sections with four corners, four edges, and an axis.39) Which kernel is used in Android?Android is a customized Linux 3.6 kernel.40) What is application Widgets in Android?Application widgets are miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications and receive periodic updates.41) Which types of flags are used to run an application on Android?Following are two types of flags to run an application in Android:FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASKFLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP42) What is a singleton class in Android?A singleton class is a class which can create only an object that can be shared by all other classes.43) What is sleep mode in Android?In sleep mode, CPU is slept and doesn't accept any commands from android device except Radio interface layer and alarm.44) What do you mean by a drawable folder in Android?In Android, a drawable folder is compiled a visual resource that can use as a background, banners, icons, splash screen, etc.45) What is DDMS?DDMS stands for Dalvik Debug Monitor Server. It gives the wide array of debugging features:Port forwarding servicesScreen captureThread and heap informationNetwork traffic trackingLocation data spoofing46) Define Android Architecture?The Android architecture consists of 4 components:Linux KernalLibrariesAndroid FrameworkAndroid ApplicationsMore details...47) What is a portable wi-fi hotspot?The portable wi-fi hotspot is used to share internet connection to other wireless devices.48) Name the dialog box which is supported by Android?Alert DialogProgress DialogDate Picker DialogTime picker Dialog49) Name some exceptions in Android?Inflate ExceptionSurface.OutOfResourceExceptionSurfaceHolder.BadSurfaceTypeExceptionWindowManager.BadTokenException50) What are the basic tools used to develop an Android app?JDKEclipse+ADT pluginSDK Tools
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
There is given Cloud Computing interview questions and answers that has been asked in many companies. Let's see the list of top Cloud Computing interview questions.1) What is cloud computing?Cloud computing is an internet based new age computer technology. It is the next stage technology that uses the clouds to provide the services whenever and wherever the user need it.It provides a method to access several servers world wide.2) What are the benefits of cloud computing?The main benefits of cloud computing are:Data backup and storage of data.Powerful server capabilities.Incremented productivity.Very cost effective and time saving.Software as Service known as SaaS.3) What is a cloud?A cloud is a combination of networks ,hardware, services, storage, and interfaces that helps in delivering computing as a service. It has three users :Play VideoxEnd usersBusiness management userscloud service provider4) What are the different data types used in cloud computing?There are different data types in cloud computing like emails, contracts, images , blogs etc. As we know that data is increasing day by day so it is needed to new data types to store these new data. For an example, if you want to store video then you need a new data type.5) Which are the different layers that define cloud architecture?Following are the different layers that are used by cloud architecture:CLC or Cloud ControllerWalrusCluster ControllerSC or Storage ControllerNC or Node Controller6) Which platforms are used for large scale cloud computing?The following platforms are used for large scale cloud computing:Apache HadoopMapReduce7) What are the different layers in cloud computing? Explain working of them.There are 3 layers in the hierarchy of cloud computing.Infrastructure as a service (IaaS):It provides cloud infrastructure in terms of hardware as like memory, processor, speed etc.Platform as a service (PaaS):It provides cloud application platform for the developer.Software as a service (SaaS)::It provides the cloud applications to users directly without installing anything on the system. These applications remains on cloud.8) What do you mean by software as a service?Software As a Service (SaaS) is an important layer of cloud computing. It provides cloud applications like Google is doing. It facilitate users to save their document on the cloud and create as well.9) What is the platform as a service?It is also a layer in cloud architecture. This model is built on the infrastructure model and provide resources like computers, storage and network. It is responsible to provide complete virtualization of the infrastructure layer, make it look like a single server and invisible for outside world.10) What is on-demand functionality? How is it provided in cloud computing?Cloud computing provides a on-demand access to the virtualized IT resources. It can be used by the subscriber. It uses shared pool to provide configurable resources. Shared pool contains networks, servers, storage, applications and services.11) What are the platforms used for large scale cloud computing?Apache Hadoop and MapReduce are the platforms use for large scale cloud computing.12) What are the different models for deployment in cloud computing?These are the different deployment model in cloud computing:Private cloudPublic cloudHybrid cloudCommunity cloud13) What is private cloud?Private clouds are used to keep the strategic operations and other reasons secure. It is a complete platform which is fully functional and can be owned, operated and restricted to only an organization or an industry. Now a day, most of the organizations have moved to private clouds due to security concerns. Virtual private cloud is being used that operate by a hosting company.14) What is public cloud?The public clouds are open to the people for use and deployment. For example: Google and Amazon etc. The public clouds focus on a few layers like cloud application, infrastructure providing and providing platform markets.15) What are Hybrid clouds?Hybrid clouds are the combination of public clouds and private clouds. It is preferred over both the clouds because it applies most robust approach to implement cloud architecture. It includes the functionalities and features of both the worlds. It allows organizations to create their own cloud and allow them to give the control over to someone else as well.16) What is the difference between cloud computing and mobile computing?Mobile computing and cloud computing are slightly same in concept. Mobile computing uses the concept of cloud computing . Cloud computing provides users the data which they required while in mobile computing, applications run on the remote server and gives user the access for storage and manage.17) What is the difference between scalability and elasticity?Scalability is a characteristic of cloud computing which is used to handle the increasing workload by increasing in proportion amount of resource capacity. By the use of scalability, the architecture provides on demand resources if the requirement is being raised by the traffic. Whereas, Elasticity is a characteristic which provides the concept of commissioning and decommissioning of large amount of resource capacity dynamically. It is measured by the speed by which the resources are coming on demand and the usage of the resources.18) What are the security benefits of cloud computing?Cloud computing authorizes the application service, so it is used in identity management.It provides permissions to the users so that they can control the access of another user who is entering into the cloud environment.19) What is the usage of utility computing?Utility computing is a plug-in managed by an organization which decides what type of services has to be deployed from the cloud. It facilitates users to pay only for what they use.20) What is "EUCALYPTUS" in cloud computing? Why is it used?It is an acronym stands for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture For Linking Your Program To Useful Systems. It is an open source software infrastructure in cloud computing and used to implement clusters in cloud computing platform. It creates public, private and hybrid cloud. It facilitate a user to create his own data center into a private cloud and use its functionalities to many other organizations.21) Explain System integrators in cloud computing.System integrator provides a strategy of a complicated process used to design a cloud platform. It creates more accurate hybrid and private cloud network because integrator have all the knowledge about the data center creation.22) What are the open source cloud computing platform databases?MongoDB, CouchDB, LucidDB are the example of open source cloud computing platform database.23) Give some example of large cloud provider and databases?Google bigtableAmazon simpleDBCloud based SQL24) What is the difference between cloud and traditional datacenters?The cost of the traditional datacenter is higher than cloud because in traditional databases, there is overheating problems and some software and hardware issue.25) What are the different in Software as a Service (SaaS)?Simple Multi-tenancy:In this mode, Every user has independent resources and are uniquely different from other users. This is an efficient mode.Fine grain multi-tenancy:: In this mode, the resources can be shared by many users but the functionality remains the same.26) Why API's is used in cloud services?API's (Application Programming Interfaces) is used in cloud platform because:It provide an alternative way that you don't need to write the fully fledged program.It makes communication between one or more applications.It creates applications and link the cloud services with other systems.27) What are the advantages of cloud services?Following are the main advantages of cloud services:Cost saving: It helps in the utilization of investment in the corporate sector. So, it is cost saving.Scalable and Robust: It helps in the developing scalable and robust applications. Previously, the scaling took months, but now, scaling takes less time.Time saving: It helps in saving time in terms of deployment and maintenance.28) What are the different datacenters in cloud computing?Containerized datacenterLow density datacenter29) What do you mean by CaaS?CaaS is a terminology used in telecom industry as Communication As a Service. CaaS offers the enterprise user features such as desktop call control, unified messaging and desktop faxing.30) What do you mean by VPN? What does it contain?VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. VPN is a private cloud that manage the security of the data during the communication in the cloud environment. With VPN, you can make a public network as private network.31) What are the basic clouds in cloud computing?There are three basic clouds in cloud computing:Professional cloudPersonal cloudPerformance cloud32) What are the most essential things that must be followed before going for cloud computing platform?ComplianceLoss of dataData storageBusiness continuityUptimeData integrity in cloud computing33) Which services are provided by Window azure operating system?There are three core services provided by Window azure operating system:ComputeStorageManagement34) What is the usage of virtualization platform in implementing cloud?The main usage of virtualization platform in implementing cloud is:It is used to manage the service level policies.Cloud Operating System.Virtualization platforms help to keep the backend level and user level concepts different from each other.35) We source cloud computing platform databases?Following are the open source cloud computing platform databases:MongoDBCouchDBLucidDB36) What are some large cloud providers and databases?Following are the mostly used large cloud providers and databases:Google bigtableAmazon simpleDBCloud based SQL37) How would you secure data for transport in cloud?This is the most obvious question accurued in mind that if the cloud data is secure; To ensure that, check that there is no data leak with the encryption key implemented with the data you sending while the data moves from point A to point B in cloud.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
There is given Hadoop interview questions and answers that have been asked in many companies. Let's see the list of top Hadoop interview questions.1) What is Hadoop?Hadoop is a distributed computing platform. It is written in Java. It consists of the features like Google File System and MapReduce.2) What platform and Java version are required to run Hadoop?Java 1.6.x or higher versions are good for Hadoop, preferably from Sun. Linux and Windows are the supported operating system for Hadoop, but BSD, Mac OS/X, and Solaris are more famous for working.3) What kind of Hardware is best for Hadoop?Hadoop can run on a dual processor/ dual core machines with 4-8 GB RAM using ECC memory. It depends on the workflow needs.4) What are the most common input formats defined in Hadoop?These are the most common input formats defined in Hadoop:TextInputFormatKeyValueInputFormatSequenceFileInputFormatTextInputFormat is a by default input format.5) How do you categorize a big data?The big data can be categorized using the following features:VolumeVelocityVariety6) Explain the use of .mecia class?For the floating of media objects from one side to another, we use this class.7) Give the use of the bootstrap panel.We use panels in bootstrap from the boxing of DOM components.8) What is the purpose of button groups?Button groups are used for the placement of more than one buttons in the same line.9) Name the various types of lists supported by Bootstrap.Ordered listUnordered listDefinition list10) Which command is used for the retrieval of the status of daemons running the Hadoop cluster?The 'jps' command is used for the retrieval of the status of daemons running the Hadoop cluster.11) What is InputSplit in Hadoop? Explain.When a Hadoop job runs, it splits input files into chunks and assigns each split to a mapper for processing. It is called the InputSplit.12) What is TextInputFormat?In TextInputFormat, each line in the text file is a record. Value is the content of the line while Key is the byte offset of the line. For instance, Key: longWritable, Value: text13) What is the SequenceFileInputFormat in Hadoop?In Hadoop, SequenceFileInputFormat is used to read files in sequence. It is a specific compressed binary file format which passes data between the output of one MapReduce job to the input of some other MapReduce job.14) How many InputSplits is made by a Hadoop Framework?Hadoop makes 5 splits as follows:One split for 64K filesTwo splits for 65MB files, andTwo splits for 127MB files15) What is the use of RecordReader in Hadoop?InputSplit is assigned with a work but doesn't know how to access it. The record holder class is totally responsible for loading the data from its source and convert it into keys pair suitable for reading by the Mapper. The RecordReader's instance can be defined by the Input Format.16) What is JobTracker in Hadoop?JobTracker is a service within Hadoop which runs MapReduce jobs on the cluster.17) What is WebDAV in Hadoop?WebDAV is a set of extension to HTTP which is used to support editing and uploading files. On most operating system WebDAV shares can be mounted as filesystems, so it is possible to access HDFS as a standard filesystem by exposing HDFS over WebDAV.18) What is Sqoop in Hadoop?Sqoop is a tool used to transfer data between the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) and Hadoop HDFS. By using Sqoop, you can transfer data from RDBMS like MySQL or Oracle into HDFS as well as exporting data from HDFS file to RDBMS.19) What are the functionalities of JobTracker?These are the main tasks of JobTracker:To accept jobs from the client.To communicate with the NameNode to determine the location of the data.To locate TaskTracker Nodes with available slots.To submit the work to the chosen TaskTracker node and monitors the progress of each task.20) Define TaskTracker.TaskTracker is a node in the cluster that accepts tasks like MapReduce and Shuffle operations from a JobTracker.21) What is Map/Reduce job in Hadoop?Map/Reduce job is a programming paradigm which is used to allow massive scalability across the thousands of server.MapReduce refers to two different and distinct tasks that Hadoop performs. In the first step maps jobs which takes the set of data and converts it into another set of data and in the second step, Reduce job. It takes the output from the map as input and compresses those data tuples into the smaller set of tuples.22) What is "map" and what is "reducer" in Hadoop?Map: In Hadoop, a map is a phase in HDFS query solving. A map reads data from an input location and outputs a key-value pair according to the input type.Reducer: In Hadoop, a reducer collects the output generated by the mapper, processes it, and creates a final output of its own.23) What is shuffling in MapReduce?Shuffling is a process which is used to perform the sorting and transfer the map outputs to the reducer as input.24) What is NameNode in Hadoop?NameNode is a node, where Hadoop stores all the file location information in HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System). We can say that NameNode is the centerpiece of an HDFS file system which is responsible for keeping the record of all the files in the file system, and tracks the file data across the cluster or multiple machines.25) What is heartbeat in HDFS?Heartbeat is a signal which is used between a data node and name node, and between task tracker and job tracker. If the name node or job tracker doesn't respond to the signal then it is considered that there is some issue with data node or task tracker.26) How is indexing done in HDFS?There is a very unique way of indexing in Hadoop. Once the data is stored as per the block size, the HDFS will keep on storing the last part of the data which specifies the location of the next part of the data.27) What happens when a data node fails?If a data node fails the job tracker and name node will detect the failure. After that, all tasks are re-scheduled on the failed node and then name node will replicate the user data to another node.28) What is Hadoop Streaming?Hadoop streaming is a utility which allows you to create and run map/reduce job. It is a generic API that allows programs written in any languages to be used as Hadoop mapper.29) What is a combiner in Hadoop?A Combiner is a mini-reduce process which operates only on data generated by a Mapper. When Mapper emits the data, combiner receives it as input and sends the output to a reducer.30) What are the Hadoop's three configuration files?Following are the three configuration files in Hadoop:core-site.xmlmapred-site.xmlhdfs-site.xml31) What are the network requirements for using Hadoop?Following are the network requirement for using Hadoop:Password-less SSH connection.Secure Shell (SSH) for launching server processes.32) What do you know by storage and compute node?Storage node: Storage Node is the machine or computer where your file system resides to store the processing data.Compute Node: Compute Node is a machine or computer where your actual business logic will be executed.33) Is it necessary to know Java to learn Hadoop?If you have a background in any programming language like C, C++, PHP, Python, Java, etc. It may be really helpful, but if you are nil in java, it is necessary to learn Java and also get the basic knowledge of SQL.34) How to debug Hadoop code?There are many ways to debug Hadoop codes but the most popular methods are:By using Counters.By web interface provided by the Hadoop framework.35) Is it possible to provide multiple inputs to Hadoop? If yes, explain.Yes, It is possible. The input format class provides methods to insert multiple directories as input to a Hadoop job.36) What is the relation between job and task in Hadoop?In Hadoop, A job is divided into multiple small parts known as the task.37) What is the difference between Input Split and HDFS Block?The Logical division of data is called Input Split and physical division of data is called HDFS Block.38) What is the difference between RDBMS and Hadoop?RDBMSHadoopRDBMS is a relational database management system.Hadoop is a node based flat structure.RDBMS is used for OLTP processing.Hadoop is used for analytical and for big data processing.In RDBMS, the database cluster uses the same data files stored in shared storage.In Hadoop, the storage data can be stored independently in each processing node.In RDBMS, preprocessing of data is required before storing it.In Hadoop, you don't need to preprocess data before storing it.39) What is the difference between HDFS and NAS?HDFS data blocks are distributed across local drives of all machines in a cluster whereas, NAS data is stored on dedicated hardware.40) What is the difference between Hadoop and other data processing tools?Hadoop facilitates you to increase or decrease the number of mappers without worrying about the volume of data to be processed.41) What is distributed cache in Hadoop?Distributed cache is a facility provided by MapReduce Framework. It is provided to cache files (text, archives etc.) at the time of execution of the job. The Framework copies the necessary files to the slave node before the execution of any task at that node.36) What commands are used to see all jobs running in the Hadoop cluster and kill a job in LINUX?Hadoop job - listHadoop job - kill jobID42) What is the functionality of JobTracker in Hadoop? How many instances of a JobTracker run on Hadoop cluster?JobTracker is a giant service which is used to submit and track MapReduce jobs in Hadoop. Only one JobTracker process runs on any Hadoop cluster. JobTracker runs it within its own JVM process.Functionalities of JobTracker in Hadoop:When client application submits jobs to the JobTracker, the JobTracker talks to the NameNode to find the location of the data.It locates TaskTracker nodes with available slots for data.It assigns the work to the chosen TaskTracker nodes.The TaskTracker nodes are responsible to notify the JobTracker when a task fails and then JobTracker decides what to do then. It may resubmit the task on another node or it may mark that task to avoid.43) How JobTracker assign tasks to the TaskTracker?The TaskTracker periodically sends heartbeat messages to the JobTracker to assure that it is alive. This messages also inform the JobTracker about the number of available slots. This return message updates JobTracker to know about where to schedule task.44) Is it necessary to write jobs for Hadoop in the Java language?No, There are many ways to deal with non-java codes. HadoopStreaming allows any shell command to be used as a map or reduce function.45) Which data storage components are used by Hadoop?HBase data storage component is used by Hadoop.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of mostly asked software testing interview questions or QTP interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is the PDCA cycle and where testing fits in?There are four steps in a normal software development process. In short, these steps are referred to as PDCA.PDCA stands for Plan, Do, Check, Act.Plan: It defines the goal and the plan for achieving that goal.Do/ Execute: It depends on the plan strategy decided during the planning stage. It is done according to this phase.Check: This is the testing part of the software development phase. It is used to ensure that we are moving according to plan and getting the desired result.Act: This step is used to solve if there any issue has occurred during the check cycle. It takes appropriate action accordingly and revises the plan again.The developers do the "planning and building" of the project while testers do the "check" part of the project.Play Video2) What is the difference between the white box, black box, and gray box testing?Black box Testing: The strategy of black box testing is based on requirements and specification. It requires no need of knowledge of internal path, structure or implementation of the software being tested.White box Testing: White box testing is based on internal paths, code structure, and implementation of the software being tested. It requires a full and detail programming skill.Gray box Testing: This is another type of testing in which we look into the box which is being tested, It is done only to understand how it has been implemented. After that, we close the box and use the black box testing.Following are the differences among white box, black box, and gray box testing are:Black box testingGray box testingWhite box testingBlack box testing does not need the implementation knowledge of a program.Gray box testing knows the limited knowledge of an internal program.In white box testing, implementation details of a program are fully required.It has a low granularity.It has a medium granularity.It has a high granularity.It is also known as opaque box testing, closed box testing, input-output testing, data-driven testing, behavioral testing and functional testing.It is also known as translucent testing.It is also known as glass box testing, clear box testing.It is a user acceptance testing, i.e., it is done by end users.It is also a user acceptance testing.Testers and programmers mainly do it.Test cases are made by the functional specifications as internal details are not known.Test cases are made by the internal details of a program.Test cases are made by the internal details of a program.3)What are the advantages of designing tests early in the life cycle?Designing tests early in the life cycle prevent defects from being in the main code.4) What are the types of defects?There are three types of defects: Wrong, missing, and extra.Wrong: These defects are occurred due to requirements have been implemented incorrectly.Missing: It is used to specify the missing things, i.e., a specification was not implemented, or the requirement of the customer was not appropriately noted.Extra: This is an extra facility incorporated into the product that was not given by the end customer. It is always a variance from the specification but may be an attribute that was desired by the customer. However, it is considered as a defect because of the variance from the user requirements.5) What is exploratory testing?Simultaneous test design and execution against an application is called exploratory testing. In this testing, the tester uses his domain knowledge and testing experience to predict where and under what conditions the system might behave unexpectedly.6) When should exploratory testing be performed?Exploratory testing is performed as a final check before the software is released. It is a complementary activity to automated regression testing.7) What are the advantages of designing tests early in the life cycle?It helps you to prevent defects in the code.8) Tell me about the risk-based testing.The risk-based testing is a testing strategy that is based on prioritizing tests by risks. It is based on a detailed risk analysis approach which categorizes the risks by their priority. Highest priority risks are resolved first.9) What is acceptance testing?Acceptance testing is done to enable a user/customer to determine whether to accept a software product. It also validates whether the software follows a set of agreed acceptance criteria. In this level, the system is tested for the user acceptability.Types of acceptance testing are:User acceptance testing: It is also known as end-user testing. This type of testing is performed after the product is tested by the testers. The user acceptance testing is testing performed concerning the user needs, requirements, and business processes to determine whether the system satisfies the acceptance criteria or not.Operational acceptance testing: An operational acceptance testing is performed before the product is released in the market. But, it is performed after the user acceptance testing.Contract and regulation acceptance testing: In the case of contract acceptance testing, the system is tested against certain criteria and the criteria are made in a contract. In the case of regulation acceptance testing, the software application is checked whether it meets the government regulations or not.Alpha and beta testing: Alpha testing is performed in the development environment before it is released to the customer. Input is taken from the alpha testers, and then the developer fixes the bug to improve the quality of a product. Unlike alpha testing, beta testing is performed in the customer environment. Customer performs the testing and provides the feedback, which is then implemented to improve the quality of a product.10) What is accessibility testing?Accessibility testing is used to verify whether a software product is accessible to the people having disabilities (deaf, blind, mentally disabled etc.).11) What is Adhoc testing?Ad-hoc testing is a testing phase where the tester tries to 'break' the system by randomly trying the system's functionality.12) What is Agile testing?Agile testing is a testing practice that uses agile methodologies i.e. follow test-first design paradigm.13) What is API (Application Programming Interface)?Application Programming Interface is a formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program to access supporting system or network services.14) What do you mean by automated testing?Testing by using software tools which execute test without manual intervention is known as automated testing. Automated testing can be used in GUI, performance, API, etc.15) What is Bottom-up testing?The Bottom-up testing is a testing approach which follows integration testing where the lowest level components are tested first, after that the higher level components are tested. The process is repeated until the testing of the top-level component.16) What is Baseline Testing?In Baseline testing, a set of tests is run to capture performance information. Baseline testing improves the performance and capabilities of the application by using the information collected and make the changes in the application. Baseline compares the present performance of the application with its previous performance.17) What is Benchmark Testing?Benchmarking testing is the process of comparing application performance with respect to the industry standard given by some other organization.It is a standard testing which specifies where our application stands with respect to others.18) Which types are testing are important for web testing?There are two types of testing which are very important for web testing:Performance testing: Performance testing is a testing technique in which quality attributes of a system are measured such as responsiveness, speed under different load conditions and scalability. The performance testing describes which attributes need to be improved before the product is released in the market.Security testing: Security testing is a testing technique which determines that the data and resources be saved from the intruders.19) What is the difference between web application and desktop application in the scenario of testing?The difference between a web application and desktop application is that a web application is open to the world with potentially many users accessing the application simultaneously at various times, so load testing and stress testing are important. Web applications are also prone to all forms of attacks, mostly DDOS, so security testing is also very important in the case of web applications.20) What is the difference between verification and validation?Difference between verification and validation:VerificationValidationVerification is Static Testing.Validation is Dynamic Testing.Verification occurs before Validation.Validation occurs after Verification.Verification evaluates plans, document, requirements and specification.Validation evaluates products.In verification, inputs are the checklist, issues list, walkthroughs, and inspection.Invalidation testing, the actual product is tested.Verification output is a set of document, plans, specification and requirement documents.Invalidation actual product is output.21) What is the difference between Retesting and Regression Testing?A list of differences between Retesting and Regression Testing:RegressionRetestingRegression is a type of software testing that checks the code change does not affect the current features and functions of an application.Retesting is the process of testing that checks the test cases which were failed in the final execution.The main purpose of regression testing is that the changes made to the code should not affect the existing functionalities.Retesting is applied on the defect fixes.Defect verification is not an element of Regression testing.Defect verification is an element of regression testing.Automation can be performed for regression testing while manual testing could be expensive and time-consuming.Automation cannot be performed for Retesting.Regression testing is also known as generic testing.Retesting is also known as planned testing.Regression testing concern with executing test cases that was passed in earlier builds. Retesting concern with executing those test cases that are failed earlier.Regression testing can be performed in parallel with the retesting. Priority of retesting is higher than the regression testing.22) What is the difference between preventative and reactive approaches to testing?Preventative tests are designed earlier, and reactive tests are designed after the software has been produced.23) What is the purpose of exit criteria?The exit criteria are used to define the completion of the test level.24) Why is the decision table testing used?A decision table consists of inputs in a column with the outputs in the same column but below the inputs.The decision table testing is used for testing systems for which the specification takes the form of rules or cause-effect combination. The reminders you get in the table explore combinations of inputs to define the output produced.25) What is alpha and beta testing?These are the key differences between alpha and beta testing:No.Alpha TestingBeta Testing1)It is always done by developers at the software development site.It is always performed by customers at their site.2)It is also performed by Independent testing teamIt is not be performed by Independent testing team3)It is not open to the market and public.It is open to the market and public.4)It is always performed in a virtual environment.It is always performed in a real-time environment.5)It is used for software applications and projects.It is used for software products.6)It follows the category of both white box testing and Black Box Testing.It is only the kind of Black Box Testing.7)It is not known by any other name.It is also known as field testing.26) What is Random/Monkey Testing?Random testing is also known as monkey testing. In this testing, data is generated randomly often using a tool. The data is generated either using a tool or some automated mechanism.Random testing has some limitations:Most of the random tests are redundant and unrealistic.It needs more time to analyze results.It is not possible to recreate the test if you do not record what data was used for testing.27) What is the negative and positive testing?Negative Testing: When you put an invalid input and receive errors is known as negative testing.Positive Testing: When you put in the valid input and expect some actions that are completed according to the specification is known as positive testing.28) What is the benefit of test independence?Test independence is very useful because it avoids author bias in defining effective tests.29) What is the boundary value analysis/testing?In boundary value analysis/testing, we only test the exact boundaries rather than hitting in the middle. For example: If there is a bank application where you can withdraw a maximum of 25000 and a minimum of 100. So in boundary value testing we only test above the max and below the max. This covers all scenarios.The following figure shows the boundary value testing for the above-discussed bank application.TC1 and TC2 are sufficient to test all conditions for the bank. TC3 and TC4 are duplicate/redundant test cases which do not add any value to the testing. So by applying proper boundary value fundamentals, we can avoid duplicate test cases, which do not add value to the testing.30) How would you test the login feature of a web application?There are many ways to test the login feature of a web application:Sign in with valid login, Close browser and reopen and see whether you are still logged in or not.Sign in, then log out and then go back to the login page to see if you are truly logged out.Log in, then go back to the same page, do you see the login screen again?Session management is important. You must focus on how do we keep track of logged in users, is it via cookies or web sessions?Sign in from one browser, open another browser to see if you need to sign in again?Log in, change the password, and then log out, then see if you can log in again with the old password.31) What are the types of performance testing?Performance testing: Performance testing is a testing technique which determines the performance of the system such as speed, scalability, and stability under various load conditions. The product undergoes the performance testing before it gets live in the market.Types of software testing are:1. Load testing:Load testing is a testing technique in which system is tested with an increasing load until it reaches the threshold value.Note: An increasing load means the increasing the number of users.The main purpose of load testing is to check the response time of the system with an increasing amount of load.Load testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.Load testing is performed to make sure that the system can withstand a heavy load2. Stress testing:Stress testing is a testing technique to check the system when hardware resources are not enough such as CPU, memory, disk space, etc.In case of stress testing, software is tested when the system is loaded with the number of processes and the hardware resources are less.The main purpose of stress testing is to check the failure of the system and to determine how to recover from this failure is known as recoverability.Stress testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.3. Spike testing:Spike testing is a subset of load testing. This type of testing checks the instability of the application when the load is varied.There are different cases to be considered during testing:The first case is not to allow the number of users so that the system will not suffer heavy load.The second case is to provide warnings to the extra joiners, and this would slow down the response time.4. Endurance testing:Endurance testing is a subset of load testing. This type of testing checks the behavior of the system.Endurance testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.Endurance testing is also known as Soak testing.Endurance testing checks the issues such as memory leak. A memory leak occurs when the program does not release its allocated memory after its use. Sometimes the application does not release its memory even after its use and this unusable memory cause memory leak. This causes an issue when the application runs for a long duration.Some of the main issues that are viewed during this testing are:Memory leaks occurred due to an application.Memory leaks occurred due to a database connection.Memory leaks occurred due to a third party software.5. Volume testing:Volume testing is a testing technique in which the system is tested when the volume of data is increased.Volume testing is also known as flood testing.Volume testing is non-functional testing means that the only non-functional requirements are tested.For example: If we want to apply the volume testing then we need to expand the database size, i.e., adding more data into the database table and then perform the test.6. Scalability testingScalability testing is a testing technique that ensures that the system works well in proportion to the growing demands of the end users.Following are the attributes checked during this testing:Response timeThroughputNumber of users required for performance testThreshold loadCPU usageMemory usageNetwork usage32) What is the difference between functional and non-functional testing?Basis of comparisonFunctional testingNon-functional testingDescriptionFunctional testing is a testing technique which checks that function of the application works under the requirement specification.Non-functional testing checks all the non-functional aspects such as performance, usability, reliability, etc.ExecutionFunctional testing is implemented before non-functional testing.Non-functional testing is performed after functional testing.Focus areaIt depends on the customer requirements.It depends on the customer expectations.RequirementFunctional requirements can be easily defined.Non-functional requirements cannot be easily defined.Manual testingFunctional testing can be performed by manual testing.Non-functional testing cannot be performed by manual testing.Testing typesFollowing are the types of functional testing:Unit testingAcceptance testingIntegration testingSystem testingFollowing are the types of non-functional testing:Performance testingLoad testingStress testingVolume testingSecurity testingInstallation testingRecovery testing33) What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?Static testingDynamic testingStatic testing is a white box testing technique which is done at the initial stage of the software development lifecycle.Dynamic testing is a testing process which is done at the later stage of the software development lifecycle.Static testing is performed before the code deployment.Dynamic testing is performed after the code deployment.It is implemented at the verification stage.It is implemented at the validation stage.Execution of code is not done during this type of testing.Execution of code is necessary for the dynamic testing.In the case of static testing, the checklist is made for the testing process.In the case of dynamic testing, test cases are executed.34) What is the difference between negative and positive testing?Positive testingNegative testingPositive testing means testing the application by providing valid data.Negative testing means testing the application by providing the invalid data.In case of positive testing, tester always checks the application for a valid set of values.In the case of negative testing, tester always checks the application for the invalid set of values.Positive testing is done by considering the positive point of view for example: checking the first name field by providing the value such as "Akshay".Negative testing is done by considering the negative point of view for example: checking the first name field by providing the value such as "Akshay123".It verifies the known set of test conditions.It verifies the unknown set of conditions.The positive testing checks the behavior of the system by providing the valid set of data.The negative testing tests the behavior of the system by providing the invalid set of data.The main purpose of the positive testing is to prove that the project works well according to the customer requirements.The main purpose of the negative testing is to break the project by providing the invalid set of data.The positive testing tries to prove that the project meets all the customer requirements.The negative testing tries to prove that the project does not meet all the customer requirements.35) What are the different models available in SDLC?There are various models available in software testing, which are the following:Waterfall modelSpiral ModelPrototype modelVerification and validation modelHybrid modelAgile modelRational unified process model[RUP]Rapid Application development [RAD]36) List out the difference between smoke testing and sanity testing and dry run testing?Following are the differences between smoke, sanity, and dry run testing:Smoke testingSanity testingDry-run testingIt is shallow, wide and scripted testing.It is narrow and deep and unscripted testingA dry run testing is a process where the effects of a possible failure are internally mitigated.When the builds come, we will write the automation script and execute the scripts. So it will perform automatically.It will perform manually.For Example, An aerospace company may conduct a Dry run of a takeoff using a new aircraft and a runway before the first test flight.It will take all the essential features and perform high-level testing.It will take some significant features and perform in-depth testing.37) How do we test a web application? What are the types of tests we perform on the web application?To test any web application such as Yahoo, Gmail, and so on, we will perform the following testing:Functional testingIntegration testingSystem testingPerformance testingCompatibility testing ( test the application on the various operating systems, multiple browsers, and different version)Usability testing ( check whether it is user friendly)Ad-hoc testingAccessibility testingSmoke testingRegression testingSecurity testingGlobalization testing ( only if it is developed in different languages)38) Why do we need to perform compatibility testing?We might have developed the software in one platform, and the chances are there that users might use it in the different platforms. Hence, it could be possible that they may encounter some bugs and stop using the application, and the business might get affected. Therefore, we will perform one round of Compatibility testing.39) How many test cases we can write in a day?We can tell anywhere between 2-5 test cases.First test case → 1st day, 2nd day.Second test case → 3rd day, 4th day.Forth test case → 5th day.9-10 test cases → 19th day.Primarily, we use to write 2-5 test cases, but in future stages we write around 6-7 because, at that time, we have the better product knowledge, we start re-using the test cases, and the experience on the product.40) How many test cases can we review per day?It would be around 7 test cases we write so that we can review 7*3=21 test cases. And we can say that 25-30 test case per day.41) How many test cases can we run in a day?We can run around 30-55 test cases per day.Note: For these types of questions (39-41), always remember the ratio: x test cases we can write, 3x test cases we can review, and 5x test cases we can execute per day.42) Does the customer get a 100% bug-free product?The testing team is not goodDevelopers are superProduct is oldAll of the aboveThe correct answer is testing team is not good because sometimes the fundamentals of software testing define that no product has zero bugs.43) How to track the bug manually and with the help of automation?We can track the bug manually as:Identify the bug.Make sure that it is not duplicate (that is, check it in bug repository).Prepare a bug report.Store it in bug repository.Send it to the development team.Manage the bug life cycle (i.e., keep modifying the status).Tracking the bug with the help of automation i.e., bug tracking tool:We have various bug tracking tools available in the market, such as:JiraBugzillaMantisTelelogicRational Clear QuestBug_trackQuality center ( it is a test management tool, a part of it is used to track the bugs)Note: Here, we have two categories of tools:A product based: In the product based companies, they will use only one bug tracking tool.Service-based: In service-based companies, they have many projects of different customers, and every project will have different bug tracking tools.44) Why does an application have bugs?The software can have a bug for the following reasons:Software complexityProgramming errorsIf no communications are happening between the customer and the company, i.e., an application should or should not perform according to the software's needs.Modification in requirementsTime pressure.45) When we perform testing?We will perform testing whenever we need to check all requirements are executed correctly or not, and to make sure that we are delivering the right quality product.46) When do we stop the testing?We can stop testing whenever we have the following:Once the functionality of the application is stable.When the time is less, then we test the necessary features, and we stop it.The client's budget.When the essential feature itself is not working correctly.47) For which and all types of testing do we write test cases?We can write test cases for the following types of testing:Different types of testingTest casesSmoke testingIn this, we will write only standard features; thus, we can pull out some test cases that have all the necessary functions. Therefore, we do not have to write a test case for smoke testing.Functional/unit testingYes, we write the test case for unit testing.Integration testingYes, we write the test case for integration testing.System testingYes, we write the test case for system testing.Acceptance testingYes, but here the customer may write the test case.Compatibility testingIn this, we don't have to write the test case because the same test cases as above are used for testing on different platforms.Adhoc testingWe don't write the test case for the Adhoc testing because there are some random scenarios or the ideas, which we used at the time of Adhoc time. Though, if we identify the critical bug, then we convert that scenario into a test case.Performance testingWe might not write the test cases because we will perform this testing with the help of performance tools.Usability testingIn this, we use the regular checklist; therefore, we don't write the test case because here we are only testing the look and feel of the application.Accessibility testingIn accessibility testing, we also use the checklist.Reliability testingHere, we don't write the manual test cases as we are using the automation tool to perform reliability testing.Regression testingYes, we write the test cases for functional, integration, and system testing.Recovery testingYes, we write the test cases for recovery testing, and also check how the product recovers from the crash.Security testingYes, we write the test case for security testing.Globalization testing:Localization testingInternationalization testingYes, we write the test case for L10N testing.Yes, we write the test case for I18N testing.48) What is the difference between the traceability matrix and the test case review process?Traceability matrixTest case reviewIn this, we will make sure that each requirement has got at least one test case.In this, we will check whether all the scenarios are covered for the particular requirements.49) What is the difference between use case and test case?Following are the significant differences between the use case and the test case:Test caseUse CaseIt is a document describing the input, action, and expected response to control whether the application is working fine based on the customer requirements.It is a detailed description of Customer Requirements.It is derived from test scenarios, Use cases, and the SRS.It is derived from BRS/SRS.While developing test cases, we can also identify loopholes in the specifications.A business analyst or QA Lead prepares it.50) How to test a pen?We can perform both manual and automation testing. First, we will see how we perform manual testing:Different types of testingScenarioSmoke testingChecks that basic functionality is written or not.Functional/unit testingCheck that the Refill, pen body, pen cap, and pen size as per the requirement.Integration testingCombine pen and cap and integrate other different sizes and see whether they work fine.Compatibility testingVarious surfaces, multiple environments, weather conditions, and keep it in oven and then write, keep it in the freezer and write, try and write on water.Adhoc testingThrow the pen down and start writing, keep it vertically up and write, write on the wall.Performance testingTest the writing speed of the pen.Usability testingCheck whether the pen is user friendly or not, whether we can write it for more extended periods smoothly.Accessibility testingHandicapped people use them.Reliability testingDrop it down and write, and continuously write and see whether it leaks or notRecovery testingThrow it down and write.Globalization testingLocalization testingPrice should be standard, expiry date format.Internationalize testingCheck whether the print on the pen is as per the country language.Now, we will see how we perform automation testing on a pen:For this take a roller, now put some sheets of paper on the roller, then connects the pen to the motor and switch on the motor. The pen starts writing on the paper. Once the pen has stopped writing, now observe the number of lines that it has written on each page, length of each track, and multiplying all this, so we can get for how many kilometers the pen can write.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
Selenium is based on automating web applications for testing purpose, but it is certainly not limited to just that. The web-based administration tasks can be automated as well. It automates browsersSelenium has the support of some of the leading browser vendors who have adopted it to make Selenium an essential part of their browser. It is also the core technology in many other browser automation tools, APIs, and frameworks.A list of most frequently asked Selenium interview questions, and their answers are given below.Basic Level - Selenium Interview Questions1) What is test automation or automation testing?Automation testing uses automation tools to write and execute test cases, no manual involvement is necessary for executing an automated test suite. Testers prefer automation tools to write test scripts and test cases and then group into test suites.Play VideoAutomation testing enables the use of specialized tools to automate the execution of manually designed test cases without any human intervention. Automation testing tools can access the test data, controls the execution of tests and compares the actual result against the expected result. Consequently, generating detailed test reports of the system under test.2) What are the advantages of automation testing?Some basic Advantages of automation testing are as follows.Automation testing supports both functional and performance test on an application.It supports the execution of repeated test cases.It facilitates parallel execution.It aids in testing a large test matrix.It improves accuracy because there are no chances of human errors.It saves time and money.3) Name some of the commonly used Automation Testing tools that are used for Functional Automation.Lists of top 10 used automation testing tools for Functional Automation are as follows.Teleric Test Studio, Developed by Teleric.TestingWhizHPE Unified Functional Testing (HP - UFT formerly QTP)Tosca TestsuiteWatirQuick Test Professional, provided by HP.Rational Robot, provided by IBM.Coded UI, provided by Microsoft.Selenium, open source.Auto It, Open Source.4) Name some of the commonly used Automation Testing tools that are used for Non-Functional Automation.Lists of some commonly used Automation Testing tools for Non-Functional Automation are as follows.Load Runner, provided by Hp.JMeter, provided by Apache.Burp Suite, provided by PortSwigger.Acunetix, provided by Acunetix.5) What is Selenium?Selenium is a portable framework for software testing. Selenium tool facilitates with a playback tool for authoring functional tests without the need to learn a test scripting language.Selenium is one of the most widely used open source Web UI (User Interface) automation testing suite. Jason Huggins developed Selenium in 2004 as an internal tool at Thought Works. Selenium supports automation across different browsers, platforms, and programming languages.6) What are the different components of Selenium?Selenium is not just a single tool but a suite of software's, each having a different approach to support automation testing. It comprises of four major components which include:Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE)Selenium Remote Control (Now Deprecated)WebDriverSelenium Grid7) List out the names of programming languages, browsers and operating systems that are supported by Selenium.Selenium supports various operating systems, browsers and programming languages. Following is the list:Programming Languages: C#, Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, Perl, JavaScript.Operating Systems: Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, Mac, Solaris.Browsers: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Edge, Opera, Safari, etc.8) What are the significant changes/upgrades in various Selenium versions?Selenium v1.0:Version 1.0 was the initial release of Selenium.It included three tools: Selenium IDE, Selenium RC, and Selenium Grid.Selenium v2.0:Selenium WebDriver was introduced replacing Selenium RC in version "2.0".With the onset of WebDriver, RC got deprecated and moved to the legacy package.Selenium v3:The latest release Selenium 3 has new added features and functionalities.It includes Selenium IDE, Selenium WebDriver, and Selenium Grid.9) List some of the test types that are supported by Selenium.Different types of testing's that we can achieve through Selenium are.Functional TestingRegression TestingSanity TestingSmoke TestingResponsive TestingCross Browser TestingUI testing (black box)Integration Testing10) What is Selenium IDE?Selenium IDE is implemented as Firefox extension which provides record and playback functionality on test scripts. It allows testers to export recorded scripts in many languages like HTML, Java, Ruby, RSpec, Python, C#, JUnit and TestNG.Selenium IDE has limited scope, and the generated test scripts are not very robust, and portable.11) What do you mean by Selenese?Selenium commands, also known as "Selenese" are the set of commands used in Selenium that run your tests. For example, command - open (URL); launches the desired URL in the specified browser and it accept both relative and absolute URLs.A sequence of Selenium commands (Selenese) together is known as a test script.12) What are the different ways of locating a web element in Selenium?In Selenium, web elements are identified and located with the help of Locators. Locators specify a target location which uniquely defines the web element in the context of a web application. Thus, to identify web elements accurately and precisely we have different types of locators in Selenium:IDClassNameNameTagNameLinkTextPartialLinkTextXpathCSS SelectorDOM13) How many types of WebDriver API's are available in Selenium?The list of WebDriver API's which are used to automate browser include:AndroidDriverChromeDriverEventFiringWebDriverFirefoxDriverHtmlUnitDriverInternetExplorerDriveriPhoneDriveriPhoneSimulatorDriverRemoteWebDriver14) List out some of the Automation tools which could be integrated with Selenium to achieve continuous testing.Selenium can be used to automate functional tests and can be integrated with automation test tools such as Maven, Jenkins, &Docker to achieve continuous testing. It can also be integrated with tools such as TestNG, &JUnit for managing test cases and generating reports.15) What do you mean by the assertion in Selenium?The assertion is used as a verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is expected. The types of assertion are "assert", "verify" and "waitFor".16) Explain the difference between assert and verify commands?Assert: Assert command checks if the given condition is true or false. If the condition is true, the program control will execute the next phase of testing, and if the condition is false, execution will stop, and nothing will be executed.Verify: Verify command also checks if the given condition is true or false. It doesn't halt program execution, i.e., any failure during verification would not stop the execution, and all the test phases would be executed.17) What do you mean by XPath?XPath is also defined as XML Path. It is a language used to query XML documents. It is an important approach to locate elements in Selenium. XPath consists of a path expression along with some conditions. Here, we can easily write XPath script/query to locate any element in the webpage. It is developed to allow the navigation of XML documents. The key factors that it considered while navigating are selecting individual elements, attributes, or some other part of an XML document for specific processing. It also produces reliable locators. Some other points about XPath are as follows.XPath is a language used for locating nodes in XML documents.XPath can be used as a substitute when you don't have a suitable id or name attribute for the element you want to locate.XPath provides locating strategies like:XPath AbsoluteXPath Attributes18) Explain XPath Absolute and XPath attributes.XPath Absolute:XPath Absolute enables users to mention the complete XPath location from the root HTML tag to the specific elements.Syntax: //html/body/tag1[index]/tag2[index]/.../tagN[index]Example: //html/body/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/div/div/fieldset/form/div[1]/input[1]XPath Attributes:XPath Attributes is always recommended when you don't have a suitable id or name attribute for the element you want to locate.Syntax: //htmltag[@attribute1='value1' and @attribute2='value2']Example: //input[@id='passwd' and @placeholder='password']19) What is the difference between "/" and "//" in XPath?Single Slash "/": Single slash is used to create XPath with absolute path.Double Slash "//": Double slash is used to create XPath with the relative path.20) What are the different types of annotations which are used in Selenium?JUnit annotations which can be used are:TestBeforeAfterIgnoreBeforeClassAfterClassRunWith21) What are the WebDriver supported Mobile Testing Drivers?WebDriver supported "mobile testing drivers" are:AndroidDriverIphoneDriverOperaMobileDriver22) What are the popular programming languages supported by Selenium WebDriver to write Test Cases?Selenium WebDriver supports the below languages to write Test Cases.JAVAPHPPythonC#RubyPerl23) What is the difference between type keys and type commands?TypeKeys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won't.24) What is the difference between "type" and "typeAndWait" command?"type" command is used to type keyboard key values into the text box of software web application. It can also be used for selecting values of combo box whereas "typeAndWait" command is used when your typing is completed and software web page start reloading. This command will wait for software application page to reload. If there is no page reload event on typing, you have to use a simple "type" command.25) What is the difference between findElement() and findElements()?findElement(): It is used to find the first element within the current page using the given "locating mechanism". It returns a single WebElement.findElements(): It uses the given "locating mechanism" to find all the elements within the current page. It returns a list of web elements.26) What is the wait? How many types of waits in selenium?Selenium Webdriver introduces the concept of waits for the AJAX-based application. There are two types of waits:Implicit WaitExplicit Wait27) What is the main disadvantage of implicit wait?The main disadvantage of implicit wait is that it slows down test performance.Another disadvantage of implicit wait is:Suppose, you set the waiting limit to be 10 seconds, and the elements appear in the DOM in 11 seconds, your tests will be failed because you told it to wait a maximum of 10 seconds.28) What is Selenium Grid?Selenium Grid facilitates you to distribute your tests on multiple machines and all of them at the same time. So, you can execute tests on Internet Explorer on Windows and Safari on Mac machine using the same text script. It reduces the time of test execution and provides quick feedback.Advance Level - Selenium Interview Questions29) How can we launch different browsers in Selenium WebDriver?We have to create an instance of a driver of that particular browser.WebDriver driver =newFirefoxDriver(); Here, "WebDriver" is an interface, and we are creating a reference variable "driver" of type WebDriver, instantiated using "FireFoxDriver" class.30) Write a code snippet to launch Firefox browser in WebDriver.public class FirefoxBrowserLaunchDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating a driver object referencing WebDriver interface WebDriver driver; //Setting webdriver.gecko.driver property System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", pathToGeckoDriver + "\\geckodriver.exe"); //Instantiating driver object and launching browser driver = newFirefoxDriver(); //Using get() method to open a webpage driver.get("http://javatpoint.com"); //Closing the browser driver.quit(); } } 31) Write a code snippet to launch Chrome browser in WebDriver.public class ChromeBrowserLaunchDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating a driver object referencing WebDriver interface WebDriver driver; //Setting the webdriver.chrome.driver property to its executable's location System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "/lib/chromeDriver/chromedriver.exe"); //Instantiating driver object driver = newChromeDriver(); //Using get() method to open a webpage driver.get("http://javatpoint.com"); //Closing the browser driver.quit(); } } 32) Write a code snippet to launch Internet Explorer browser in WebDriver.public class IEBrowserLaunchDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //Creating a driver object referencing WebDriver interface WebDriver driver; //Setting the webdriver.ie.driver property to its executable's location System.setProperty("webdriver.ie.driver", "/lib/IEDriverServer/IEDriverServer.exe"); //Instantiating driver object driver = newInternetExplorerDriver(); //Using get() method to open a webpage driver.get("http://javatpoint.com"); //Closing the browser driver.quit(); } } 33) Write a code snippet to perform right-click an element in WebDriver.We will use Action class to generate user event like right-click an element in WebDriver.Actions action = newActions(driver); WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("elementId")); action.contextClick(element).perform(); 34) Write a code snippet to perform mouse hover in WebDriver.Actions action = newActions(driver); WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("elementId")); action.moveToElement(element).perform(); 35) How do you perform drag and drop operation in WebDriver?Code snippet to perform drag and drop operation://WebElement on which drag and drop operation needs to be performed WebElementfromWebElement = driver.findElement(By Locator of fromWebElement); //WebElement to which the above object is dropped WebElementtoWebElement = driver.findElement(By Locator of toWebElement); //Creating object of Actions class to build composite actions Actions builder = newActions(driver); //Building a drag and drop action Action dragAndDrop = builder.clickAndHold(fromWebElement) .moveToElement(toWebElement) .release(toWebElement) .build(); //Performing the drag and drop action dragAndDrop.perform(); 36) What are the different methods to refresh a web page in WebDriver?There are multiple ways of refreshing a page in Webdriver.1. Using driver.navigate command -driver.navigate().refresh(); 2. Using driver.getCurrentUrl() with driver.get() command -driver.get(driver.getCurrentUrl()); 3. Using driver.getCurrentUrl() with driver.navigate() command -driver.navigate().to(driver.getCurrentUrl()); 4. Pressing an F5 key on any textbox using the sendKeys command -driver.findElement(By textboxLocator).sendKeys(Keys.F5); 5. Passing ascii value of the F5 key, i.e., "\uE035" using the sendKeys command -driver.findElement(By textboxLocator).sendKeys("\uE035"); 37) Write a code snippet to navigate back and forward in browser history?Navigate back in browser history:driver.navigate().back(); Navigate forward in browser history:driver.navigate().forward(); 38) How to invoke an application in WebDriver?driver.get("url"); or driver.navigate().to("url"); Misc. Questions - Selenium Interview Question.39) What are the benefits of Automation Testing?Benefits of Automation testing are as follows.It allows execution of repeated test casesIt enables parallel executionAutomation Testing encourages unattended executionIt improves accuracy. Thus, it reduces human-generated errorsIt saves time and money.40) How can we get a text of a web element?Get command is used to get the inner text of the specified web element. The get command doesn't require any parameter, but it returns a string type value. It is also one of the widely used commands for verification of messages, labels, and errors,etc.,from web pages.SyntaxString Text = driver.findElement(By.id("Text")).getText(); 41) How to select value in a dropdown?We use the WebDriver's Select class to select the value in the dropdown.Syntax:selectByValue:Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_One"))); selectByValue.selectByValue("greenvalue"); selectByVisibleText:Select selectByVisibleText = new Select (driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_Two"))); selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText("Lime"); Select selectByIndex = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("SelectID_Three"))); selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2); 42) What are the different types of navigation commands?The navigation commands are as follows.navigate().back()The above command needs no parameters and takes back the user to the previous webpage.Exampledriver.navigate().back(); navigate().forward()The above command allows the user to navigate to the next web page with reference to the browser's history.Exampledriver.navigate().forward(); navigate().refresh()The navigate().refresh() command allows the user to refresh the current web page by reloading all the web elements.Exampledriver.navigate().refresh(); navigate().to()The navigate().to() command allows the user to launch a new web browser window and navigate to the specified URL.Exampledriver.navigate().to("https://google.com"); 43) How to deal with frame in WebDriver?An inline frame abbreviates as an iframe. It is used to insert another document within the current document. These document can be HTML document or simply web page and nested web page.Select iframe by iddriver.switchTo().frame("ID of the frame"); Locating iframe using tagNamedriver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName("iframe").get(0)); Locating iframe using indexframe(index)driver.switchTo().frame(0); frame(Name of Frame)driver.switchTo().frame("name of the frame"); frame(WebElement element)Select Parent Windowdriver.switchTo().defaultContent(); 44) Is there an HtmlUnitDriver for .NET?To use HtmlUnit first use the RemoteWebDriver and pass it in the desired capabilities.IWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(DesiredCapabilities.HtmlUnit()) For the Firefox implementation to run, useIWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(DesiredCapabilities.HtmlUnitWithJavaScript()) 45) How can you redirect browsing from a browser through some proxy?Selenium facilitates with a PROXY class to redirect browsing from a proxy. Look at the example below.ExampleString PROXY = "199.201.125.147:8080"; org.openqa.selenium.Proxy proxy = new.org.openqa.selenium.Proxy(); proxy.setHTTPProxy(Proxy) .setFtpProxy(Proxy) .setSslProxy(Proxy) DesiredCapabilities cap = new DesiredCapabilities(); cap.setCapability(CapabilityType.PROXY, proxy); WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(cap); 46) What is POM (Page Object Model)? What are its advantages?Page Object Model is a design pattern for creating an Object directory for web UI elements. Each web page is required to have its page class. The page class is responsible for finding the WebElements in web pages and then perform operations on WebElements.The benefits of using POM are as follows.It facilitates with separate operations and flows in the UI from Verification - improves code readabilityMultiple tests can use the same Object Repository because the Object Repository is independent of Test Cases.Reusability of code47) How to capture screenshot in WebDriver?Below is the program to capture screenshot in WebDriver.import org.junit.After; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils; import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType; import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; public class TakeScreenshot { WebDriver drv; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { driver = new FirefoxDriver(); drv.get("https://google.com"); } @After public void tearDown() throws Exception { drv.quit(); } @Test public void test() throws IOException { //capture the screenshot File scrFile = ((TakeScreenshot)drv).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); // paste the screenshot in the desired location FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("C:\\Screenshot\\Scr.jpg")) } } 48) How to type text in a textbox using Selenium?The sendKeys("String to be entered") is used to enter the string in a textbox.SyntaxWebElement username = drv.findElement(By.id("Email")); // entering username username.sendKeys("sth"); 49) How can you find if an element is displayed on the screen?WebDriver allows user to check the visibility of the web elements. These web elements can be buttons, radio buttons, drop, checkboxes, boxes, labels etc. which are used with the following methods.isDisplayed()isSelected()isEnabled()Syntax:isDisplayed(): boolean buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfba")).isDisplayed(); isSelected(): boolean buttonSelected = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfba")).isSelected(); isEnabled(): boolean searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfb")).isEnabled(); 50) How to click on a hyper link using linkText?driver.findElement(By.linkText("Google")).click(); The above command search the element using a link text, then click on that element and thus the user will be re-directed to the corresponding page.The following command can access the link mentioned earlier.driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Goo")).click(); The above-given command searches the element based on the substring of the link provided in the parenthesis. And after that partialLinkText() finds the web element with the specified substring and then clicks on it.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
There is given frequently asked Web Services interview questions and answers that have been asked in many companies. Let's see the list of top Web Services interview questions.1) What is Web Service?The Web Service is a standard software system used for communication between two devices (client and server) over the network. Web services provide a common platform for various applications written in different languages to communicate with each other over the network.Java Web Services APIMore details..2) How does a web service work?A web service is used to communicate among various applications by using open standards such as HTML, XML, WSDL, and SOAP. You can build a Java-based web service on Solaris that is accessible from your Visual Basic program that runs on Windows. You can also use C# to develop new web services on Windows invokes from your web application that is based on Java Server Pages (JSP) and runs on Linux.3) What are the advantages of web services?These are some of the important advantages of web services:Play VideoxInteroperability: With the help of web services, an application can communicate with other application developed in any language.Reusability: We can expose the web service so that other applications can use it.Modularity: With the help of web service, we can create a service for a specific task such as tax calculation.A Standard protocol for every application program: Web services use standard protocol so that all the client applications written in different languages can understand it. This Standard protocol helps in achieving cross-platform.Cheaper cost for communication: Web services uses SOAP over HTTP so that anybody can use existing internet for using web services.More details..4) What are the different types of web services?There are two types of web services:SOAP - It is an XML-based protocol for accessing web services.RESTful - It is an architectural style, not a protocol.5) What are the main features of web services?Following is a list of main features of web services:It is available over the Internet or private (intranet) networks.It uses a standardized XML messaging system.It is not tied to any one operating system or programming language.It is self-describing via a common XML grammar.It is discoverable via a simple find mechanism.6) What is SOAP?The SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It is an XML-based protocol for accessing web services. It is platform independent and language independent. By using SOAP, you can interact with other programming language applications. More details..7) What are the advantages of SOAP web services?These are some of the important advantages of SOAP web services:WS Security - SOAP defines its security known as WS Security.Language Independent - Its web services can be written in any programming languagePlatform Independent - Its web services can be executed on any platform.More details..8) What are the disadvantages of SOAP web services?These are some of the important disadvantages of SOAP web services:Slow - It uses XML format that must be parsed to be read and defines many standards that must be followed while developing the SOAP applications. So it is slow and consumes more bandwidth and resource.WSDL Dependent - It uses WSDL and doesn't have any other mechanism to discover the service.More details..9) What are the main features of SOAP?The following list specifies the features of SOAP:SOAP is a communication protocol.SOAP communicates between applications.SOAP is a format for sending messages.SOAP is designed to communicate via Internet.SOAP is platform independent.SOAP is language independent.SOAP is simple and extensible.SOAP allows you to get around firewalls.SOAP developed as a W3C standard.10) What is WSDL?The WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language. It is an XML document containing information about web services such as method name, method parameter. The Client needs a data dictionary which contains information about all the web services with methods names and parameters list to invoke them for the web services. The Web Service Description Language bridge up this gap, by providing all necessary information to the client.Some Important elements used in Web Services Description language are as follows:<message>: The message element in WSDL is used to define all different data elements for each operation performed by the web service.<portType>: The port type element is used to determine the operation which can be performed by the web service. This operation can have two messages one is input and the second one is the output message.<binding>: This element contains the used protocol.More details..11) What is UDDI?The UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery and Integration. It is a XML based framework for describing, discovering and integrating web services. It contains a list of available web services. WSDL is the part of UDDI. More details..12) What is RESTful web services?The REST stands for Representational State Transfer. It is an architectural style. It is not a protocol like SOAP. More details..13) What are the advantages of RESTful web services?These are some of the important advantages of RESTful web services:Fast - The Web Services are fast because there is no strict specification of SOAP. It consumes less bandwidth and resource.Language Independent - The web services can be written in any programming language.Platform Independent - The web services can be executed on any platform.Can use SOAP - The web services can use SOAP web services as the implementation.Allows different data format - The web service permits different data format such as Plain Text, HTML, XML, and JSON.More details..14) What is the difference between SOAP and REST web services?No.SOAPREST1)SOAP is a protocol.REST is an architectural style.2)SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol.REST stands for Representational State Transfer.3)SOAP can't use REST because it is a protocol.REST can use SOAP web services because it is a concept and can use any protocol like HTTP, SOAP.4)SOAP uses services interfaces to expose the business logic.REST uses URI to expose business logic.5)SOAP defines standards to be strictly followed.REST does not define too much standards like SOAP.6)SOAP permits XML data format only.REST permits different data format such as Plain text, HTML, XML, JSON.More details..15) What is SOA?SOA stands for Service Oriented Architecture. It is a design pattern to provide services to other application through protocol.More details..16) What tools are used to test web services?The tools used to test web services are:SoapUI tool for testing SOAP and RESTful web servicesPoster for firefox browserPostman extension for Chrome17) What is the advantage of XML in web service?In Web service, an XML is used to tag the data, format the data.18) What is the usage of WSDL in a web service?WSDL is used in web service to describe the availability of service.19) What is Interoperability in Web services?The Web services facilitate various applications to communicate with each other and share data and services among themselves. Other applications can also use the web services. For example, a VB or .NET application can communicate with a Java web services and vice versa. Web services are used to make the application platform and technology independent.20) Explain the loosely coupled architecture of web services.A consumer of a web service is not tied to that web service directly. The web service interface can change over time without compromising the client's ability to interact with the service. A tightly coupled system implies that the client and server logic are closely tied to one another, implying that if one interface changes, the other must be updated. Adopting a loosely coupled architecture tends to make software systems more manageable and facilitates simpler integration between different systems.21) What are the advantages of having XML based Web services?Using XML eliminates any networking, operating system, or platform binding. So Web Services based applications are highly interoperable application at their core level.22) What do you mean by synchronicity?Synchronicity is used to bind the client to the execution of the service. In synchronous invocations, the client blocks and waits for the service to complete its operation before continuing. On the other hand, synchronous operations facilitate a client to invoke a service and then execute different functions.23) What is the usage of Service Transport Layer in Web service protocol stack?The Service Transport Layer is used to transport messages between applications.This layer includes Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and newer protocols like Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP).24) What is the usage of Service Description layer in Web Service Protocol Stack?The Service Description layer is used to describe the public interface to a specific web service. Currently, service description is handled via the Web Service Description Language (WSDL).25) What is the usage of Service Discovery layer in Web Service Protocol Stack?The Service Discovery layer is used for centralizing services into a universal registry and providing easy publish/find functionality.Currently, service discovery is handled via Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI).26) What is a remote procedure call (RPC)?The Remote procedure calls refer to the calls made to the methods which are hosted by related web service.27) What is meant by SOAP message?The SOAP message refers to the data sent to the application from web services. SOAP message is an XML document which is sent through web services to provide data to the client application written in any programming language.SOAP message sends via using hypertext transfer protocol.28) What is the need of <Envelope> element in the SOAP document?The <Envelope> element is used as the root element of every SOAP message.The Root element is known as the first element in the XML Document.The envelope, in turn, separated into two parts. One is the header part and second is the body part. The header contains the routing data which stores the source and destination address of the client. So the body includes the actual data.29) Explain web service protocol stack and its layers?The web services consist of four layers, as mentioned below:Service transport:This layer is the first layer in the web services protocol stack used in transporting XML files between various clients applications. Protocols used in the layer is as follows:HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)FTP (File Transfer Protocol)BEEP (Block Extensible Exchange Protocol)XML Messaging:This layer is the second layer in the web services protocol stack based on XML model where messages are encoded in common XML format which can be understandable to other client applications. This layer includes the following protocols:XML - RPCSOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)Service Description:This layer provides the service description to the public interface like the location of web service, Available functions, And the data types for XML messaging. This layer only includes one language:WSDL: WSDL stands for Web Service Description Language.Service Discovery:This layer in the Web Services protocol stack is used to publish or finding web services over the web. This layer includes:UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and integration).30) Explain web service architecture?The web service framework includes three different layers.The roles of these layers are:Service Provider: Role of Service provider is to make the web service which makes it accessible to the client applications over the Web.Service Requestor: Service requestor refers to any consumer of web service like any client application. Client applications are written in any language contact web service for any functionality by sending XML request over the available network connection.Service Registry: Service Registry is the centralized directory System which helps to locate the web services for client applications. Used to find the existing web services, as well as developers, can also create the brand new one web service also.The Service Provider uses the interface named as ?Publish? interface of Service Registry to make the existing web services available to client applications. With all the information provided by the service registry, service requestor able to find or invoke services.31) What is XML-RPC?The RPC is Remote Procedure Call. It is the method used for calling a procedure or function available on any remote computer on the web.XML-RPC refers to a simple protocol used to perform RPCs by using XML messaging. It is an excellent tool for connecting different environments and also establishing connections between wide varieties of computers.32) Explain BEEP?The BEEP stands for Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol. BEEP is an alternative to HTTP and FTP. BEEP is determined as building new protocols for the variety of applications such as instant messaging, network management, file transfer. It is termed as new Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which is layered directly over TCP.Some of the Build-in features of BEEP protocol are listed below:AuthenticationSecurityError handlingInitial Handshake Protocol33) What are the requirements to access a Web Service?The requirement for accessing web services from any application is that should support XML-based request and response. Hence there is no need to install any app for accessing web services.34) Which language does UDDI use?The UDDI uses the language known as WSDL (Web Service Description Language).35) Explain different HTTP methods supported by RESTful web services?Enlisted below are some common HTTP methods along with their functions that are supported by RESTful web services.GET: Read-only access to the resource.PUT: Creation of new resource.DELETE: Removal of a resource.POST: Update of an existing resource.OPTIONS: Get supported operations on the resource.HEAD: Returns HTTP header only, nobody.36) What are the steps involved in accessing a web service?These are the steps involved in accessing a web service:Client application bundled the information and into a SOAP message.SOAP message sends to the server as a body of Hyper-Text markup language using POST method.Web service unpacks the SOAP message and converts it into a command understandable by the application.Application processes the information and in turn bundled the info and send it back to the client as a SOAP message.A Client then unpacks the SOAP message to obtain the results.37) How many Communication protocols can be used to implement a SOAP message? Is SOAP messages are tied to any protocol?Communication protocol refers to the protocols which were used to transmit information over the web. By using Transport protocols, applications from the different background can quickly communicate with each other without knowing the inside functioning of the various systems. HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) can be used to implement a SOAP message whereas FTP (File Transfer Protocol) can be used as the reliable transport mechanism. SMTP and BEEP can also be used for transport mechanism.SOAP message is not tied to any protocol. It can use any of the open Transport protocol.38) How are the terms "Platform independent" and "Diverse Application" are related to each other in the context of XML-RPC?The terms "Platform independent" and "Diverse Application" were related to each other because XML-RPC uses HTTP for transporting SOAP messages over the web. The HTTP is a universal standard protocol for exchanging information on the Web. Hence, it leads to Cross Platform support/ Platform independent. So because it is Platform independent, it leads to the diverse application capable of accessing the web services.39) Explain the role of web service provider/ Publisher.The role of a Web Service provider is to implement web service and make it available to the web service requestor/ consumer.40) Explain the role of web service requestor/ consumer.The role of Web Service Requestor / Consumer is to utilize the pre-existing web service provided by the Web Service Provider/ Publisher. Web Service Requestor/ Consumer request the Web Service provider for the information by sending a SOAP message to the Web Service provider. Then in-Turn Web Service Publisher sends the requested information back to the requestor in the form of a SOAP message.41) Write an example to demonstrate the working of the Web Service Provider.Here is the example of a Web Service Provider:using System; using System.Web.Services; using System.Xml.Serialization; [WebService(Namespace="http://localhost/MyWebServices/")] public class FirstService : WebService{ [WebMethod] public int Add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } [WebMethod] public String SayHello() { return "Hello World"; } } 42) Explain the difference between Web Service Provider/Publisher and Web Service requestor/Consumer.As the name suggests Web Service Provider provides the web services to the various application irrespective of their background, and Web Service Requestor/ Consumer as the name suggests is the requestor for the web services.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of top frequently asked Operating System interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is an operating system?The operating system is a software program that facilitates computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. It is the most important part of a computer system without it computer is just like a box.2) What is the main purpose of an operating system?There are two main purposes of an operating system:It is designed to make sure that a computer system performs well by managing its computational activities.It provides an environment for the development and execution of programs.3) What are the different operating systems?Batched operating systemsDistributed operating systemsTimesharing operating systemsMulti-programmed operating systemsReal-time operating systems4) What is a socket?A socket is used to make connection between two applications. Endpoints of the connection are called socket.Play Videox5) What is a real-time system?Real-time system is used in the case when rigid-time requirements have been placed on the operation of a processor. It contains a well defined and fixed time constraints.6) What is kernel?Kernel is the core and most important part of a computer operating system which provides basic services for all parts of the OS.7) What is monolithic kernel?A monolithic kernel is a kernel which includes all operating system code is in single executable image.8) What do you mean by a process?An executing program is known as process. There are two types of processes:Operating System ProcessesUser Processes9) What are the different states of a process?A list of different states of process:New ProcessRunning ProcessWaiting ProcessReady ProcessTerminated Process10) What is the difference between micro kernel and macro kernel?Micro kernel: micro kernel is the kernel which runs minimal performance affecting services for operating system. In micro kernel operating system all other operations are performed by processor.Macro Kernel: Macro Kernel is a combination of micro and monolithic kernel.11) What is the concept of reentrancy?It is a very useful memory saving technique that is used for multi-programmed time sharing systems. It provides functionality that multiple users can share a single copy of program during the same period.It has two key aspects:The program code cannot modify itself.The local data for each user process must be stored separately.12) What is the difference between process and program?A program while running or executing is known as a process.13) What is the use of paging in operating system?Paging is used to solve the external fragmentation problem in operating system. This technique ensures that the data you need is available as quickly as possible.14) What is the concept of demand paging?Demand paging specifies that if an area of memory is not currently being used, it is swapped to disk to make room for an application's need.15) What is the advantage of a multiprocessor system?As many as processors are increased, you will get the considerable increment in throughput. It is cost effective also because they can share resources. So, the overall reliability increases.16) What is virtual memory?Virtual memory is a very useful memory management technique which enables processes to execute outside of memory. This technique is especially used when an executing program cannot fit in the physical memory.17) What is thrashing?Thrashing is a phenomenon in virtual memory scheme when the processor spends most of its time in swapping pages, rather than executing instructions.18) What are the four necessary and sufficient conditions behind the deadlock?These are the 4 conditions:1) Mutual Exclusion Condition: It specifies that the resources involved are non-sharable.2) Hold and Wait Condition: It specifies that there must be a process that is holding a resource already allocated to it while waiting for additional resource that are currently being held by other processes.3) No-Preemptive Condition: Resources cannot be taken away while they are being used by processes.4) Circular Wait Condition: It is an explanation of the second condition. It specifies that the processes in the system form a circular list or a chain where each process in the chain is waiting for a resource held by next process in the chain.19) What is a thread?A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization. It consists of a thread ID, program counter, register set and a stack.20) What is FCFS?FCFS stands for First Come, First Served. It is a type of scheduling algorithm. In this scheme, if a process requests the CPU first, it is allocated to the CPU first. Its implementation is managed by a FIFO queue.21) What is SMP?SMP stands for Symmetric MultiProcessing. It is the most common type of multiple processor system. In SMP, each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system, and these copies communicate with one another when required.22) What is RAID? What are the different RAID levels?RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. It is used to store the same data redundantly to improve the overall performance.Following are the different RAID levels:RAID 0 - Stripped Disk Array without fault toleranceRAID 1 - Mirroring and duplexingRAID 2 - Memory-style error-correcting codesRAID 3 - Bit-interleaved ParityRAID 4 - Block-interleaved ParityRAID 5 - Block-interleaved distributed ParityRAID 6 - P+Q Redundancy23) What is deadlock? Explain.Deadlock is a specific situation or condition where two processes are waiting for each other to complete so that they can start. But this situation causes hang for both of them.24) Which are the necessary conditions to achieve a deadlock?There are 4 necessary conditions to achieve a deadlock:Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource must be held in a non-sharable mode. If any other process requests this resource, then that process must wait for the resource to be released.Hold and Wait: A process must be simultaneously holding at least one resource and waiting for at least one resource that is currently being held by some other process.No preemption: Once a process is holding a resource ( i.e. once its request has been granted ), then that resource cannot be taken away from that process until the process voluntarily releases it.Circular Wait: A set of processes { P0, P1, P2, . . ., PN } must exist such that every P[ i ] is waiting for P[ ( i + 1 ) % ( N + 1 ) ].Note: This condition implies the hold-and-wait condition, but it is easier to deal with the conditions if the four are considered separately.25) What is Banker's algorithm?Banker's algorithm is used to avoid deadlock. It is the one of deadlock-avoidance method. It is named as Banker's algorithm on the banking system where bank never allocates available cash in such a manner that it can no longer satisfy the requirements of all of its customers.26) What is the difference between logical address space and physical address space?Logical address space specifies the address that is generated by CPU. On the other hand physical address space specifies the address that is seen by the memory unit.27) What is fragmentation?Fragmentation is a phenomenon of memory wastage. It reduces the capacity and performance because space is used inefficiently.28) How many types of fragmentation occur in Operating System?There are two types of fragmentation:Internal fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with the systems that have fixed size allocation units.External fragmentation: It is occurred when we deal with systems that have variable-size allocation units.29) What is spooling?Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily gathered to be used and executed by a device, program or the system. It is associated with printing. When different applications send output to the printer at the same time, spooling keeps these all jobs into a disk file and queues them accordingly to the printer.30) What is the difference between internal commands and external commands?Internal commands are the built-in part of the operating system while external commands are the separate file programs that are stored in a separate folder or directory.31) What is semaphore?Semaphore is a protected variable or abstract data type that is used to lock the resource being used. The value of the semaphore indicates the status of a common resource.There are two types of semaphore:Binary semaphoresCounting semaphores32) What is a binary Semaphore?Binary semaphore takes only 0 and 1 as value and used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes.33) What is Belady's Anomaly?Belady's Anomaly is also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns.34) What is starvation in Operating System?Starvation is Resource management problem. In this problem, a waiting process does not get the resources it needs for a long time because the resources are being allocated to other processes.35) What is aging in Operating System?Aging is a technique used to avoid the starvation in resource scheduling system.36) What are the advantages of multithreaded programming?A list of advantages of multithreaded programming:Enhance the responsiveness to the users.Resource sharing within the process.EconomicalCompletely utilize the multiprocessing architecture.37) What is the difference between logical and physical address space?Logical address specifies the address which is generated by the CPU whereas physical address specifies to the address which is seen by the memory unit.After fragmentation38) What are overlays?Overlays makes a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it. It ensures that only important instructions and data at any given time are kept in memory.39) When does trashing occur?Thrashing specifies an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it is spending more time paging instead of executing.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
There are given top frequently asked MS Excel interview questions and answers that has been asked in many companies. Let's see the list of top Excel interview questions.1) What is Microsoft Excel?Microsoft Excel is an electronic worksheet or spreadsheet application which is used for organizing, storing, and manipulating and analyzing data. It is developed by Microsoft.2) What are cells?The area where data is stored is known as cell.3) Does each cell have unique address?Yes, each cell has a unique address depends on the row and column value of the cell.Play Videox4) How can you add cells, rows or columns in Excel?If you want to add a cell, row or column in Excel, right click the cell you want to add to and after that select insert from the cell menu. The insert menu makes you able to add a cell, a column or a row and to shift the cells affected by the additional cell right or down.5) How would you format a cell? What are the options?A cell can be formatted by using the format cells options. There are 6 format cells options:NumberAlignmentFontBorderFillProtection6) What is the use of comment? How to add comments to a cell?Comments are used for a lot of reasons:Comments are used to clarify the purpose of the cells.Comments are used to clarify a formula used in the cell.Comments are used to leave notes for others users about a cell.To add a comment: Right click the cell and choose insert comment from the cell menu. Type your comment.7) What does the red triangle indicate at the top right hand corner of the cell?The red triangle at the top right hand corner of a cell indicates that there is a comment linked to the particular cell. If you put your cursor on it, it will show the comment.8) How would you add comments to a cell?To add a comment to a cell, you right click the cell and choose insert comment from the cell menu. Type your comment in the comment area provided. A red triangle at the top right hand corner of a cell indicates that there is a comment linked to that particular cell. To remove a comment from a cell, right lick the cell and then select delete comment from the cell menu.9) What are charts in MS Excel?Charts are used to enable graphical representation of the data in Excel. A user can use any chart type, including column, bar, line, pie, scatter, etc. by selecting an option from Insert tab?s Chart group.10) What is Freeze Panes in MS-Excel?Freeze Panes are used to lock any row or column. The locked row or column will be visible on the screen even after we scroll the sheet vertically or horizontally.11) Which are the different workbook protection types in Excel?There are three ways to protect a workbook in Excel:Password protection for opening a workbookProtection for adding, deleting, hiding and unhiding sheetsProtection from changing size or position of windows.12) What is the difference among COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF and COUNTBLANK in Ms-Excel?COUNT is used to count cells containing numbers, dates, etc. any value stored as number excluding blanks.COUNTA or Count All is used to count any cell value containing numbers, text, logical values, etc. any type of value excluding blanks.COUNTBLANK count blank cells or cells with an empty string.COUNTIF and COUNTIFS count cells matching a certain criteria.13) What is Ribbon?The ribbon specifies an area which runs along the top of the application and contains menu items and toolbars available in Excel. The ribbon has various tabs that contain groups of commands for use in the application.14) Is it possible to hide or show the ribbon?You can hide or show (minimize or maximize) the ribbon by pressing CNTRL F1.15) How to prevent someone from copying the cell from your worksheet?If you want to protect your worksheet from being copied, go into Menu bar > Review > Protect sheet > Password.By entering password you can prevent your worksheet from getting copied.16) How to sum up the rows and column number quickly in the Excel sheet?The SUM function is used to get the total sum of the rows and columns, in an excel worksheet.17) How can you resize the column?There are two ways to resize a column:To change the width of one column, drag the boundary on the right side of the column until you find your desirable width.Select the Format from the home tab, and in Format, select the AUTOFIT COLUMN WIDTH under cell section. Click on this to change the cell size.18) What are the several report formats in Excel?There are three report formats in Excel:CompactReportTabular19) Is it possible to make Pivot table using multiple sources of data?If the multiple sources are different worksheets from the same workbook, then you can use these multiple sources of data to make Pivot table.20) How can you check whether the Pivot table is modified or not?To check whether the Pivot table is modified or not, you should use the "PivotTableUpdate" in worksheet containing the pivot table.21) What does the IF function in Excel?IF function is used in Excel to check whether certain conditions are true or false. If the condition is true then it will give the result accordingly and if the condition is false the result or output will be different.22) What filter should we use, if you want more than two conditions or if you want to analyze the list using database function?You should use "Advanced Criteria Filter" to analyze the list or test more than two conditions.23) What are the advantages of using formula in Excel sheet?Formula makes it easy to calculate the numbers in Excel sheet. It also calculates automatically the number replaced by another number or digit. It is used to make complex calculations easy.24) What is the order of sequence of operating mathematical operation in Excel?The order of sequence is written as BEDMAS:BracketsExponentsDivisionMultiplicationAdditionSubtraction25) What is the use of LOOK UP function in MS Excel?The LOOK UP function is used to return a value from an array.26) What is a Macro in Excel? How to create an Excel Macro?Excel Macro is the set of instructions that is recorded by users for repetition purposes. It is created by the users for repetitive instructions and functions they perform on a regular basis.How would you reduce the file size? What is the easiest way to reduce the file size?You can use the following steps to reduce the file size:Find the last cell that contains data in the sheet. Delete all rows and columns after this cell.To delete the rows, press the key Shift+Space then press Ctrl+Shift+Down on your keyboard.Rows will get selected till the last row. Press Ctrl+- on the keyboard to delete the blank rows.To delete the column, Press the key Ctrl+Space then press Ctrl+Shift+Right Arrow key on your keyboard.Columns will get selected till the last row.Press Ctrl+- on the keyboard to delete the blank columns.27) How many rows and columns are there in Microsoft Excel 2003 and later versions?You can see the number of columns, rows, cells for Microsoft Excel version 2003 and later versions in the following table:Excel VersionsRowsColumnsTotal CellsMS Excel 20036553625616777216MS Excel 200710485761638417179869184MS Excel 201010485761638417179869184MS Excel 20131048576163841717986918428) What is the syntax of Vlookup?Vlookup Syntax:VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,[range_lookup]) 29) Is it possible to make pivot table using multiple sources of data?Yes. It is possible by using data modeling technique.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Fri, 16 Jun 2023
Fri, 16 Jun 2023
Fri, 16 Jun 2023
Write a public review