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Here, we are giving the most relevant Agile Scrum interview questions with answers and hope these questions will help you while preparing for the agile scrum interview.1) What is an agile or agile methodology?Agile is an iterative approach of software development methodology using short iterations of 1 to 4 weeks. Due to the agile methodology, the development process is aligned to deliver the changing business requirement.2) What are some quality strategies of agile?Some quality strategies of agile are:IterationRe-factoringDynamic code analysisShort feedback cyclesReviews and inspectionStandards and guidelinesMilestone reviews3) What are an agile manifesto and its principle?Agile manifesto uncovers the better way of developing software by doing it and helping others to do it. Agile has 4 manifesto and 12 principles which defines:Individuals and interactions, i.e., self-motivating and self-organized should be encouraged.Demonstrate the working software at regular intervals with comprehensive documentation.Customers are collaboration over contact negotiation.Responding to change over following a plan.The principles of agile manifesto are-Customer Satisfaction: Manifesto provides high priority to satisfy the costumer's requirements. Customer satisfaction is done through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.Welcome Change: Making change during software development is common and inevitable. Every changing requirement should be welcome, even in the late development phase. Agile process is used to increase the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver the Working Software: Deliver the working software frequently, ranging from a few weeks to a few months with considering the shortest period.Read more4) Is there any disadvantage of the agile model (SDLC)?Disadvantages of Agile SDLC:The development team should be highly professional and client-oriented.New requirement may be a conflict with the existing architecture.With further correction and change, there may be chances that the project will cross the expected time.There may be difficult to estimate the final coast of the project due to constant iteration.A defined requirement is absent.Read more5) What are the burn-up and burn-down chart?The burn-up chart depicts the amount of work done in the project, whereas the burn-down chart illustrates the amount of work remaining in the project. Thus, the burn-up and burn-down are used to describe the progress report of the project.6) What do you understand by Daily Stand-Up?The daily stand-up is the day-to-day meeting (mostly in the morning) in which the whole team meets around 15 minutes to find the answer for the following three questions:What was done yesterday?What is your plan for today?Is there any obstacle that restricts you to complete your task?7) What do you understand about Scrum?Scrum is a framework that helps agile teams work together to develop, deliver, and sustain the complex product in the shortest time. The product provides by scrum team in this shortest period is known as a sprint.8) What are the different roles in Scrum?There are three different roles in scrum. These are the Scrum Master, Product Owner, Agile Development Team:Scrum Master: The Scrum Master is a team leader and facility provider who help the team member to follow agile practices so that they can meet their commitments and customers requirements.Product Owner: The Product Owner is one who runs the product from a business perspective. He defines the requirements and prioritizes their values.Agile Development Team: Agile development team provides the judgment on the technical feasibilities or any dependencies.9) What are the responsibilities of the Scrum Master?The critical responsibility of Scrum Master includes:Tracking and monitoring project development.Understanding the user requirement correctly.Work to obtain the project properly.Improving the performance of the team.Organized meetings and resolve issues.Communicate and report to the customer and development team.10) What are different ceremonies and their importance in Scrum?To clearly express the Scrum planning, Scrum review, Scrum Daily stand up, and scrum retrospective is the purpose of the ceremony. The importance of these ceremonies is to use sprint as per your project.11) What do you know about Scrum ban?Scrum-ban is a Scrum and Kanban-based model for software development. This model is used in the project that needs continuous maintenance, various programming error, or some sudden changes.12) What do you understand by the term agile testing?The agile testing is the software testing process which is fully based on the principle of agile software development. It is the iterative approach where the user story becomes the output of the collaboration between the product owner and the development team.13) What are the major principles of agile testing?Some of the essential principles of agile testing are:Customer satisfactionFace to face communicationSustainable developmentContinuous feedbackQuick respond to changesSuccessive improvementSelf-organizedFocus on essenceError-free clean nodeCollective work14) What are the skills of a good agile tester?The agile tester is one who implements the principle of agile software development principles for software testing. An excellent agile tester has the following skills:He must be familiar with the principles and concept of agile.He must be excellent communication skill to communicate with the team and the clients.He can set the priority of a task according to customer requirements.He should able to understand the customer requirement properly.He should understand the project risk due to changing demand.15) Name the agile frameworks.Some of the agile frameworks are:ScrumKanbanFeature Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development16) Is it ever suggested to use waterfall over Scrum? If yes, explain when.Yes, sometimes we use waterfall module over scrum. This is because when the client requirement is simple, small, well-defined, fully understood, predictable, and the subject does not change until the project complete.17) Name some methodologies and development where you have used the agile model.While answering this type of question, keep in mind to mention those methodologies from which you are familiar whit. Some of the methodologies where agile is used are:Crystal methodologiesLean software developmentDynamic developmentFeature-driven development18) What was the length of sprints/iterations in your project?It is a common question for experienced people. The idea behind is to judge in which kind of environment you have worked? There will be follow up of the question that the length fixed in the beginning and never changed? Did you try with less than this length or more than that?19) What is the difference between the agile & traditional way of working?The traditional way of development is that which follow the sequential where design -> development -> testing etc. is performed whereas, in agile development, all of this is done in every iteration/sprint.20) Why does Scrum encourage the use of automated testing for projects?Due to faster possible delivery of the project, the Scrum development encourages to use automated (automated performance or automated regression) testing. While answering this question, you should explain some tools that you have used for automated testing.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of frequently asked machine learning interview questions and answers are given below.1) What do you understand by Machine learning?Machine learning is the form of Artificial Intelligence that deals with system programming and automates data analysis to enable computers to learn and act through experiences without being explicitly programmed.For example, Robots are coded in such a way that they can perform the tasks based on data they collect from sensors. They automatically learn programs from data and improve with experiences.2) Differentiate between inductive learning and deductive learning?In inductive learning, the model learns by examples from a set of observed instances to draw a generalized conclusion. On the other side, in deductive learning, the model first applies the conclusion, and then the conclusion is drawn.Play VideoxInductive learning is the method of using observations to draw conclusions.Deductive learning is the method of using conclusions to form observations.For example, if we have to explain to a kid that playing with fire can cause burns. There are two ways we can explain this to a kid; we can show training examples of various fire accidents or images of burnt people and label them as "Hazardous". In this case, a kid will understand with the help of examples and not play with the fire. It is the form of Inductive machine learning. The other way to teach the same thing is to let the kid play with the fire and wait to see what happens. If the kid gets a burn, it will teach the kid not to play with fire and avoid going near it. It is the form of deductive learning.3) What is the difference between Data Mining and Machine Learning?Data mining can be described as the process in which the structured data tries to abstract knowledge or interesting unknown patterns. During this process, machine learning algorithms are used.Machine learning represents the study, design, and development of the algorithms which provide the ability to the processors to learn without being explicitly programmed.4) What is the meaning of Overfitting in Machine learning?Overfitting can be seen in machine learning when a statistical model describes random error or noise instead of the underlying relationship. Overfitting is usually observed when a model is excessively complex. It happens because of having too many parameters concerning the number of training data types. The model displays poor performance, which has been overfitted.5) Why overfitting occurs?The possibility of overfitting occurs when the criteria used for training the model is not as per the criteria used to judge the efficiency of a model.6) What is the method to avoid overfitting?Overfitting occurs when we have a small dataset, and a model is trying to learn from it. By using a large amount of data, overfitting can be avoided. But if we have a small database and are forced to build a model based on that, then we can use a technique known as cross-validation. In this method, a model is usually given a dataset of a known data on which training data set is run and dataset of unknown data against which the model is tested. The primary aim of cross-validation is to define a dataset to "test" the model in the training phase. If there is sufficient data, 'Isotonic Regression' is used to prevent overfitting.7) Differentiate supervised and unsupervised machine learning.In supervised machine learning, the machine is trained using labeled data. Then a new dataset is given into the learning model so that the algorithm provides a positive outcome by analyzing the labeled data. For example, we first require to label the data which is necessary to train the model while performing classification.In the unsupervised machine learning, the machine is not trained using labeled data and let the algorithms make the decisions without any corresponding output variables.8) How does Machine Learning differ from Deep Learning?Machine learning is all about algorithms which are used to parse data, learn from that data, and then apply whatever they have learned to make informed decisions.Deep learning is a part of machine learning, which is inspired by the structure of the human brain and is particularly useful in feature detection.9) How is KNN different from k-means?KNN or K nearest neighbors is a supervised algorithm which is used for classification purpose. In KNN, a test sample is given as the class of the majority of its nearest neighbors. On the other side, K-means is an unsupervised algorithm which is mainly used for clustering. In k-means clustering, it needs a set of unlabeled points and a threshold only. The algorithm further takes unlabeled data and learns how to cluster it into groups by computing the mean of the distance between different unlabeled points.10) What are the different types of Algorithm methods in Machine Learning?The different types of algorithm methods in machine earning are:Supervised LearningSemi-supervised LearningUnsupervised LearningTransductionReinforcement Learning11) What do you understand by Reinforcement Learning technique?Reinforcement learning is an algorithm technique used in Machine Learning. It involves an agent that interacts with its environment by producing actions & discovering errors or rewards. Reinforcement learning is employed by different software and machines to search for the best suitable behavior or path it should follow in a specific situation. It usually learns on the basis of reward or penalty given for every action it performs.12) What is the trade-off between bias and variance?Both bias and variance are errors. Bias is an error due to erroneous or overly simplistic assumptions in the learning algorithm. It can lead to the model under-fitting the data, making it hard to have high predictive accuracy and generalize the knowledge from the training set to the test set.Variance is an error due to too much complexity in the learning algorithm. It leads to the algorithm being highly sensitive to high degrees of variation in the training data, which can lead the model to overfit the data.To optimally reduce the number of errors, we will need to tradeoff bias and variance.13) How do classification and regression differ?ClassificationRegressionClassification is the task to predict a discrete class label.Regression is the task to predict a continuous quantity.In a classification problem, data is labeled into one of two or more classes.A regression problem needs the prediction of a quantity.A classification having problem with two classes is called binary classification, and more than two classes is called multi-class classificationA regression problem containing multiple input variables is called a multivariate regression problem.Classifying an email as spam or non-spam is an example of a classification problem.Predicting the price of a stock over a period of time is a regression problem.14) What are the five popular algorithms we use in Machine Learning?Five popular algorithms are:Decision TreesProbabilistic NetworksNeural NetworksSupport Vector MachinesNearest Neighbor15) What do you mean by ensemble learning?Numerous models, such as classifiers are strategically made and combined to solve a specific computational program which is known as ensemble learning. The ensemble methods are also known as committee-based learning or learning multiple classifier systems. It trains various hypotheses to fix the same issue. One of the most suitable examples of ensemble modeling is the random forest trees where several decision trees are used to predict outcomes. It is used to improve the classification, function approximation, prediction, etc. of a model.16) What is a model selection in Machine Learning?The process of choosing models among diverse mathematical models, which are used to define the same data is known as Model Selection. Model learning is applied to the fields of statistics, data mining, and machine learning.17) What are the three stages of building the hypotheses or model in machine learning?There are three stages to build hypotheses or model in machine learning:Model buildingIt chooses a suitable algorithm for the model and trains it according to the requirement of the problem.Applying the modelIt is responsible for checking the accuracy of the model through the test data.Model testingIt performs the required changes after testing and apply the final model.18) What according to you, is the standard approach to supervised learning?In supervised learning, the standard approach is to split the set of example into the training set and the test.19) Describe 'Training set' and 'training Test'.In various areas of information of machine learning, a set of data is used to discover the potentially predictive relationship, which is known as 'Training Set'. The training set is an example that is given to the learner. Besides, the 'Test set' is used to test the accuracy of the hypotheses generated by the learner. It is the set of instances held back from the learner. Thus, the training set is distinct from the test set.20) What are the common ways to handle missing data in a dataset?Missing data is one of the standard factors while working with data and handling. It is considered as one of the greatest challenges faced by the data analysts. There are many ways one can impute the missing values. Some of the common methods to handle missing data in datasets can be defined as deleting the rows, replacing with mean/median/mode, predicting the missing values, assigning a unique category, using algorithms that support missing values, etc.21) What do you understand by ILP?ILP stands for Inductive Logic Programming. It is a part of machine learning which uses logic programming. It aims at searching patterns in data which can be used to build predictive models. In this process, the logic programs are assumed as a hypothesis.22) What are the necessary steps involved in Machine Learning Project?There are several essential steps we must follow to achieve a good working model while doing a Machine Learning Project. Those steps may include parameter tuning, data preparation, data collection, training the model, model evaluation, and prediction, etc.23) Describe Precision and Recall?Precision and Recall both are the measures which are used in the information retrieval domain to measure how good an information retrieval system reclaims the related data as requested by the user.Precision can be said as a positive predictive value. It is the fraction of relevant instances among the received instances.On the other side, recall is the fraction of relevant instances that have been retrieved over the total amount or relevant instances. The recall is also known as sensitivity.24) What do you understand by Decision Tree in Machine Learning?Decision Trees can be defined as the Supervised Machine Learning, where the data is continuously split according to a certain parameter. It builds classification or regression models as similar as a tree structure, with datasets broken up into ever smaller subsets while developing the decision tree. The tree can be defined by two entities, namely decision nodes, and leaves. The leaves are the decisions or the outcomes, and the decision nodes are where the data is split. Decision trees can manage both categorical and numerical data.25) What are the functions of Supervised Learning?ClassificationSpeech RecognitionRegressionPredict Time SeriesAnnotate Strings26) What are the functions of Unsupervised Learning?Finding clusters of the
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of frequently asked API Testing interview questions and answers are given below.1) What is API?API (Application Programming Interface) helps in communication and data exchange between two software systems. API act as an interface between two applications and allows the two software systems communicate with one another. API is a collection of functions which can be executed by another software program.API works as; it takes a request from the source, takes that request to the database, fetches the request data from the database and returns a response to the source. API takes the requests from the user and gives the response without exposing the internal details. API acts as Abstraction.Example: Amazon API, Google Map APIPlay Videox2) What is API testing?API testing is a type of software testing that involves testing APIs directly. API is a part of integration testing to check whether the API meets expectations in terms of functionality, reliability, performance, and security of applications. Multiple API system can performed API testing. In API testing, our primary focus is on Business Logic Layer of the software architecture.3) What are the types of API testing?API testing involves the following types of testing:Unit TestingFunctional TestingLoad TestingRuntime/Error DetectionSecurity TestingUI TestingInteroperability and WS compliance TestingPenetration TestingFuzz Testing4) What are the protocols used in API Testing?Protocols used in API testing are:HTTPRESTSOAPJMSUDDI5) What are the tools used for API Testing?Tools used for API testing are:Parasoft SOAtestPostManAlertSite API monitoring6) What is API test environment?For API the test environment is a quite complex method where the configuration of server and database is done as per the requirement of the software application. API testing does not involve graphical user interface (GUI).API is checked for its proper functioning after installation.7) What is API framework?API framework is described by the config. File which consist of the list of all APIs that are required to be activated and are activated for any particular program run. This is essential as every test run does not require all APIs.8) What are the limits of API usage?Many APIs have certain limit set up by the provider. Hence, try to estimate our usage and understand how that will impact the overall cost of the offering.9) What are the advantages of API testing?Advantages of API testing are:Test for core functionality: API testing provides access to the application without the user interface. The core functionality of the application will be tested before the GUI tests. This will help to detect the minor issue which can become bigger during the GUI testing.Time effective: API testing is less time consuming than GUI testing. Particularly, API test requires less code so it can provide better and faster test coverage compare to GUI test automation. This will reduce the cost for the testing project.Language Independent: In API testing data is exchange using XML or JSON. These transfer mode are completely language-independent, which allows users to select any code language when adopting automation test service for the project.Easy Integration with GUI: API tests provide highly integrable tests which is useful to perform functional GUI tests after GUI tests. Simple integration would allow new user accounts to be created within the application before GUI started.10) What are the principles of an API test design?Here, are the seven principles of API test design.Exhaustive Testing: Exhaustive testing is not possible. Instead we need optimal amount of testing which is based on the risk assessment of the application.Defect Clustering: Defect Clustering states that a small number of modules contain the most of the defect detected. Approximately 80% of the defect found in 20% of the modules. By experience we can identify such risky modules. But this approach has its own problems. If the same tests are repeated over and over again, eventually the same test case will no longer find new bugs.Pesticide Paradox: Testers cannot depend on existing technique. They must have to look continually to improve the existing method to make testing more effective. But even all these hard work in testing we can never claim our product is bug free. To overcome this, test cases need to be regularly reviewed and revised add new and different test cases to help find more defects.Testing shows presence of defects: Testing principle states that- testing talks about the presence of defects not about the absence of defect. Software testing reduces the probability of undiscovered defects remaining in the software but even if no defects found, it is not a proof of correctness.But if we work hard, taking all precautions and make our software products 99% bug free. The software does not meet the needs and requirements of the client.Absence of error -fallacy: This can be possible the software which is 99% bug free is still unusable. The case can be if the system is tested for the wrong requirement. Software testing is not finding the defects but also to check that software addresses the business needs. The absence of error is fallacy i.e. finding and fixing defects does not help if the system build is unusable and doesn't fulfill the user's needs and requirements.Early Testing: Testing should start as soon as possible in the software development lifecycle. So that defects in the requirement or design phase captured in the early stages. It is cheaper to fix defect in the early stages of testing. We should start finding the bug at the moment the requirements are defined.Testing is context dependent: Testing is context dependent that we test an e-commerce site will be different from the way we test the commercial. All the developed software's are not identical. We will use different methodology; techniques and type of testing depend on the application type.11) What is API framework?A framework or software framework is a platform for developing software applications. API framework is a foundation on which software developer can build applications for a specific platform.Example: A framework can include predefined classes and functions that can be used to process input, manage hardware devices and interact with system software.Framework is similar to an Application Programming Interface, technically framework includes API. Framework serves foundation for programming while API provides access to the elements supported by the framework. Framework also includes code libraries, compiler and other programs used in the software development process.API framework is defined by configuration file which consists the list of all APIs that is required to be activated and activated for a particular program run.12) What are the common tests that performed on API?Here, are the common tests that performed on API are as:Response of the API should be verified based on the request. We will verify that the return value is based on request.When API is updating any data structure we should verify the system is authenticating the outcome.We will verify whether the API is trigger other event or request another API.We will verify the behavior of the API when no value is return.13) What exactly needs to verify in API testing?In API testing, we send a request to API with the known data and then analysis the response.We will verify the accuracy of the data.Will see the HTTP status code.We will see the response time.Error codes in case API returns any errors.Authorization would be check.Non-Functional testing such as performance testing, security testing.14) What are the differences between API and Web Services?Sr. No.APIWeb Services1.API may or may not need network for its operations.Web Services always need network for its operation.2.API can be communicated through SOAP, REST, XML-RPC and CURL calls as well.API can also be exposed in number of ways like JAR, DLL, XML over HTTP, JSON over HTTP etc.Web service can be communicated through SOAP, REST, AND RPC.3.API can perform all the operations which web service can't perform.Web service can't perform all the operations like API.4.All APIs are not web service.All web services are API15) What is API documentation?A good documentation is must for any foundation. API documentation serves as quick reference for accessing library or working within a program.When we use any such documents, it must consists of proper plan, content source, proper layout, information related to each function etc.There are various documentation tools like Doxygen and JavaDoc. Here, are the functions which are documented which revolve around the parameters like:Function descriptionType and syntax of error message that may occureSyntax, elements and sequence needed for each parameterLinks regarding functions16) What is the most used template for API documentation?Here, are the various documentation template that make the whole process simple and easy. They are:SwaggerMiredotSlateFlatDocAPI blueprintRestDocWeb service API specification17) What are the types of bug that can be found during API testing?API testing helps us to find many types of bugs which are:StressSecurityDuplicate or missing functionalityReliabilityUnused flagsPerformanceIncompatible error handlingMulti-threaded issueImproper errors18) What are the difference between API testing and UI testing?UI (User Interface) testing means the testing of the graphical user interface. The focus of UI testing is on the look and feel of the application. In user interface testing the main focus is on how users can interact with app elements such as images, fonts, layout etc. are checked.API testing allows the communication between two software systems. API testing works on backend also known as backend testing.19) What is SOAP?SOAP (Simple Object Access Control) . It is an XML based protocol that helps in exchanging information among computers.20) What is REST API?REST API is a set of function helps the developers performing requests when the response is receiving. Through HTTP protocol interaction is made in REST API.REST is defined as Representational state transfer. It is an effective standard for API creation.21) What are the differences between SOAP and REST API?Sr. No.SOAP APIREST API1.SOAP stands as Simple Object Access Protocol.REST stands as Representational State Transfer.2.SOAP is a protocol.REST is an architectural pattern.3.SOAP can work with XML format. In SOAP all the data passed in XML format.REST permit different data format such as Plain text, HTML, XML, JSON etc. But the most preferred format for transferring data is in JSON.22) What are the major challenges faced during API testing?The major challenges faced during the API testing are:Parameter SelectionParameter CombinationCall sequencingOutput verification and validationA major challenge is providing input values which are very difficult because GUI is not available.23) What are the difference between API Testing and Unit Testing?Difference between API testing and Unit testing are:Sr. No.API TestingUNIT Testing1.API testing is a form of black box testing.Unit testing is a form of white box testing.2.API testing is performed after the project completion during the test.Unit testing is performed when the project is created.3.In API testing there is a wide scope of testing.In Unit testing there is a limited scope of testing we can test only the basic functionality.4.API testing is done by the testers. The whole purpose of API testing is end to end testing of the functionality.Unit testing is done by the developer. In unit testing every functionality is separately tested.24) What is a RESTFUL web services?There are two kinds of web servicesSOAP Web ServicesRESTFUL Web Services1. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) - SOAP is a XML based method which is used in Web Services.2. RESTFUL Web Services - To implement the concept of REST architecture HTTP method is used. RESTFUL Web Services defines URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), and also provides resource representation like JSON and a set of HTTP method.25) What is Resource in REST?REST architecture treats any content as resource, which can be text files, HTML pages, images, videos or dynamic business information. REST server gives the functionality to access the resources and modifies them. We can identify the each resources by URIs/ global IDs.26) What is the way to represent the resource in REST?REST uses different representation to define the resources like text, JSON and XML. The most popular representation of resources is JSON and XML.27) What protocol is used by the RESTFUL Web Services?RESTFUL Web Services uses the HTTP protocol. They use the HTTP protocol as a medium of communication between the client and the server.28) What are the characteristics of REST?Here, are the two characteristics of REST.REST is stateless. With the use of the REST API the server has no status, we can restart the server between two calls, inspite of all the data is transferred to the server.Web Services uses POST method to perform operations, while REST uses GET method to access the resources.29) What is messaging in RESTFUL Web Services?RESTFUL Web Services use the HTTP protocol as a communication tool between the client and the server. This is the technique when the client sends a message in the form of HTTP request the server send back the HTTP reply which is called Messaging. This message consists message data and Meta data i.e. information on the message itself.30) What are the components of an HTTP request?An HTTP request have five components. These are:Action showing HTTP method like GET, PUT, POST, DELETE.Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): URI is the identifier for the resource on the server.HTTP version: Indicate the HTTP version like- HTTP V1.1.Request Header: Request Header carries metadata for the HTTP request message. Metadata could be a client type, format supported by the client, format of a message body, cache setting etc.Request Body: Resource body indicates message content or resource representation.31) What is the HTTP protocol supported by REST?GET: GET is used to request data from the specified resource.GET request can be cached and bookmark. It remains in the browser history and has length restriction. When dealing with sensitive data GET requests should not be used.POST: POST is used to send data to server for creation or updating the resources.POST requests are never cached or bookmark.PUT: PUT replaces the current representation of the target resource with the request payload.DELETE: DELETE removes the specified resource.OPTIONS: OPTION is used to describe the communication option for the target resources.HEAD: HEAD asks for response which is identical to GET requests, but without the response body.32) Can we use GET request instead of PUT to create a resource?PUT or POST method is used create a resource. GET is only used to request the resources.33) What is URI? What is the purpose of web-based service and what is it's format?URI stands for Uniform Resource Identifier. It is a string of characters designed for unambiguous identification of resources and extensibility by the URI scheme. The purpose of URI is to locate the resource on the server hosting of the web service.A URIs format is :////34) What are SOAP Web Services?SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is defined as the XML based protocol. SOAP is also known for developing and designing web services and also enable the communication between the applications developed on different platform by using different programming languages on the internet. SOAP is platform and language independent.35) When we can use SOAP API?We can use SOAP API to perform the operation on records like create, retrieve, update or delete. We can use API to manage password, perform searches etc.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
Design patterns are generally sets of standardized practices used in the software development industry. Design Patterns represent the solutions given by the community to general problems faced in every-day tasks regarding software development.Let's have a look at the most frequently asked design pattern interview questions and answers. These questions will help you with your coding interviews as well as competitive exams.1) Categories Java Design patterns?Based on problem analysis, we can categorize design patterns into the following categories.Creational patternsPlay VideoxFactory method/TemplateAbstract FactoryBuilderPrototypeSingletonStructural patternsAdapterBridgeFilterCompositeDecoratorFacadeFlyweightProxyBehavioral patternsInterpreterTemplate method/ patternChain of responsibilityCommand patternIterator patternStrategy patternVisitor patternJ2EE patternsMVC PatternData Access Object patternFront controller patternIntercepting filter patternTransfer object pattern2) Explain the advantages of Java design pattern?The Design Patterns are reusable in multiple projects.The Design Patterns provide a solution that helps to define the system architecture.The Design Patterns capture software engineering experiences.The Design Patterns provide transparency to the design of an application.They are testified and well-proved since they have been built upon the knowledge and experience of expert software developers.3) What Is Gang of Four (GOF)?In 1994, four authors Erich Gamma, Ralph Johnson, Richard Hel, and John Vlissides published a book titled Design Patterns Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. This book introduced the concept of Design Pattern in Software development.These four authors are known as Gang of Four GOF.4) What are the Creational Patterns?Creational design patterns are related to the way of creating objects. Creational design patterns are used when a decision is made at the time of instantiation of a class.EmpRecord e1=new EmpRecord(); Since new keyword is used to create an object in Java, So, here we are creating the instance using the new keyword. In some cases, the nature of the object must be changed according to the nature of the program. In such cases, we should use the creational design patterns to provide a more general and flexible approach.5) What Is Factory Pattern?It is the most used design pattern in Java.These design patterns belong to the Creational Pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways to create an object.In the Factory pattern, we don't expose the creation logic to the client and refer the created object using a standard interface.Factory Pattern allows the sub-classes to choose the type of objects to create.The Factory Pattern is also known as Virtual Constructor.6) What Is Abstract Factory Pattern?Abstract Factory Pattern states that define an abstract class or interface for creating families of related objects but without specifying their concrete sub-classes. That means Abstract Factory allowed a class to return a factory of classes. That is why the Abstract Factory Pattern is one level higher than the Factory Pattern.Abstract Factory patterns work around superclasses, which creates other classes.The Abstract Factory Pattern comes under Creational Pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways to create an object.In the Abstract Factory pattern, an interface is liable for creating a factory of related objects without explicitly identifying their classes.Each generated factory can give the objects according to the Factory pattern.7) Explain Structural Patterns in Java?Structural patterns are used to provide solutions and efficient standards regarding class compositions and object structures. They depend on the concept of inheritance and interfaces to allow multiple objects or classes to work together and form a single working whole.Structural design patterns are responsible for how classes and objects can be composed to form larger structures.8) Explain the Singleton pattern?Singleton pattern in Java is a pattern which allows a single instance within an application. One good example of the singleton pattern is java.lang.Runtime.Singleton Pattern states that define a class that has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.In other words, it is the responsibility of the class that only a single instance should be created, and all other classes can use a single object.9) Describe in how many ways can you create a singleton pattern?There are two ways of creating a Singleton pattern.1. Early InstantiationIt is responsible for the creation of instance at load time.2. Lazy InstantiationIt is responsible for the creation of instance when required.10) What are the Adapter patterns?Adapter pattern converts the interface of a class into another interface based on the requirement.In other words, it let you convert the interface according to requirement while using the class service with a different interface.It is also known as Wrapper.11) Illustrate the uses of Adapter Patterns?It is used in the following cases:When an object requires to utilize an existing class with an incompatible interface.In case we want to create a reusable class that collaborates with classes which don't have compatible interfaces.12) Discuss the strategy to describe a design pattern?The following points should need to be taken care to describe the design pattern.The Pattern name and classification.The Problem and solution.Consequences: Variation and language-dependent alternatives should also be addressed.Uses: Identify the uses in the real systems and its efficiency.13) What is the decorator pattern in Java explain it with an example?The decorator pattern is one of the popular Java design patterns. It is common because of its heavy usage in java.io (package). The Decorator Pattern uses composition in place of inheritance to extend the functionality of an object at runtime.BufferedReader and BufferedWriter are some excellent examples of decorator pattern in Java.14) Difference between Strategy and State design Pattern in Java?This question is a commonly asked Java design pattern interview question as both Strategy and State pattern has the same structure. The UML class diagram of both patterns looks precisely the same, but their intent is different.The state design pattern is used to manage and define the state of an object, while the Strategy pattern is used to describe a set of an interchangeable algorithm.15) What are the advantages of Composite design Pattern in Java?Composite design pattern allows clients to operate collectively on objects that may or may not represent a hierarchy of objects.Advantage of composite design patterns is as follows.It describes the class hierarchy that contains primitive and complex objects.It makes it easy to add new kinds of the component.It facilitates with the flexibility of structure with a manageable class or interface.16) Can you describe the uses of the composite pattern?It is used in the following cases:When we want to represent a partial or full hierarchy of objects.In case we need to add the responsibilities dynamically to the individual object without affecting other objects.17) What are Some Design Patterns which are used in the JDK library?Some of the design patterns which are used in the JDK library are as follows.The decorator pattern is used by Wrapper classes.Singleton pattern is used by Calendar classes (Runtime).The Wrapper classes use factory pattern like Integer.valueOf.Event handling frameworks use observer pattern like swing, awt.18) Mention advantage of Builder design pattern in Java?Advantages of builder design patterns are as follows.It facilitates with a clear separation between the construction and representation of an object.It provides improved control over the construction process.The constructor parameter is reduced and is provided in highly readable method calls.In design Pattern, the object is always instantiated in a complete state.In the Builder design pattern, Immutable objects can be quickly built in the object building process.19) Can you write Thread-safe Singleton in Java?There are many ways to write a Thread-safe singleton in Java.Thread-safe Singleton can be written by writing singleton using double-checked locking.Another way is, by using static Singleton instance initialized during class loading.By using Java enum to create a thread-safe singleton, this is the most straightforward way.20) Is it possible to create a clone of a singleton object?Yes, it is possible to create a clone of a singleton object.21) What is the proxy pattern, and what does it do?The term Proxy stands for an object representing another object. The proxy pattern provides a substitute or placeholder for another purpose to control access to it.According to Gangs of four, a Proxy Pattern "provides control for accessing the original object."We can perform many security operations like hiding the information of the original object, on-demand loading, etc.It is also called as placeholder or surrogates.22) Explain some different type of proxies?There are many cases where the proxy pattern is beneficial. Let's have a look at some different proxies.Protection proxyIt controls access to the real subject based on some condition.Virtual proxiesVirtual proxies are used to instantiate the expensive object. The proxy manages the lifetime of the real subject in the implementation.It decides the need for the instance creation and when to reuse it. Virtual proxies optimize performance.Caching proxiesCaching proxies are used to cache expensive calls to the real subject. There are many caching strategies that the proxy can use.Some of them are read-through, write-through, cache-aside, and time-based. The caching proxies are used for enhancing performance.Remote proxiesRemote proxies are used in distributed object communication. The remote proxy causes execution on the remote object by invoking a local object method.Smart proxiesSmart proxies are used to implement log calls and reference counting to the object.23) Explain the Chain of Responsibility Pattern?In the chain of responsibility pattern, Sender sends a request to a chain of objects, and any object in the chain can handle the request.A Chain of Responsibility Pattern avoids coupling the sender of a request to its receiver. For example, an ATM service uses the Chain of Responsibility design pattern in monetary transactions.Moreover, we can explain that usually, each receiver contains the reference of another receiver. If one object can fail to handle the request, then it sends the same to the next receiver and so on.24) Explain the advantage of Chain of Responsibilities Pattern and when it is used?It minimizes the coupling.It provides flexibility while assigning the responsibilities to objects.It permits a set of classes to act as one. The events produced in one class can be sent to other handler classes with the help of composition.Usage of Chain of Responsibility PatternIt is used in the following cases:When more than one objects are ready to handle a request, and the handler is unknown.In case the collection or a group of objects that can handle the request must be specified dynamically.25) How is Bridge pattern is different from the Adapter pattern?The motive of the Adapter pattern is to make interfaces of one or more classes to look similar.The Bridge pattern is designed to isolate a class's interface from its implementation so we can vary or substitute the implementation without changing the client code.26) What's the difference between the Dependency Injection and Service Locator patterns?The service locator is used to create class dependencies. The Class is still responsible for creating its dependencies no matter whether if it is using service locator or not.Service locators are also used to hide dependencies. We can't say by looking at an object whether it connects with a database or not when it obtains connections from a locator.With Dependency injection, the class which contains its dependencies neither knows nor cares where they came from.One significant difference is that Dependency injection is much easier to unit test because we can pass in it mock implementations of its dependent objects. We could combine the two objects and apply the service locator.27) What are the MVC patterns?This pattern is one of the most-used patterns from J2EE Design pattern category. It is quite similar to the concept of Model-View-Controller. The abbreviation MVC is taken from the Model-view-controller concept.Models are objects, used as blueprints for all of the objects that will be used in the application.Views contain the presentational aspect of the data and information located in the models.Controllers control both model and view as they serve as a connection between the two objects. The controller plays the role of an interface between View and Model and also intercepts all the incoming requests.28) Explain the Intercepting Filter Design Pattern and also mention its benefits?The intercepting filter design pattern is used to intercept and manipulate a request and response before and after the request processing. Filters perform the authentication/ authorization/ logging or tracking of request and then forward the requests to corresponding handlers. Let's have a look at some basic entities of Intercepting design pattern.FilterIt performs a certain task before or after the execution of request by request handler.Filter ChainIt contains multiple filters and helps to execute them in defined order on target.TargetThe target object is the request handlerFilter ManagerIt manages the filters and Filter Chain.ClientThe client object is one who sends a request to the Target object.Benefits of Intercepting Filter Design PatternFilter pattern provides central control with loosely coupled handlers.It expands reusability.The new filter can be added at any time without affecting the client's code.Filters can be selected dynamically during program execution.29) Explain Data Access Object (DAO) pattern?Data Access Object Pattern is used to isolate low-level data accessing API or actions from high-level business services. Following are the components in the DAO Pattern.Data Access Object InterfaceDAO interface describes the standard actions to be performed on a model object(s).Data Access Object concrete classThis class implements a DAO interface. This class is accountable to get data from a data source which can be Xml/database or any other storage mechanism.Model Object or Value ObjectThis object is a plain old java object containing get/set methods to store data retrieved using DAO class.30) Mention what is the difference between VO and JDO?The difference between VO and JDO is that the JDO is a persistent technology that competes against entity beans. It allows to create POJO (plain old java objects) and persevere them to the database.While VO (value objects) represents an abstract design pattern, that is used in conjunction with entity beans, JDBC and JDO.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 06 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
A list of top frequently asked Teradata Interview Questions and Answers are given below.1) What is Teradata? What are some primary characteristics of Teradata?Teradata is an RDBMS (Relational database management system) which is perfect to use with large-scale data warehousing application. It works on the parallelism concept. It is an open system. It can run on Windows/ UNIX/ Linux server platform. Teradata provides support to multiple data warehouse operations at the same time to different clients.It is developed by an American IT firm called Teradata corporation. It is a dealer of analytic data platforms, applications, and other related services.Characteristics of TeradataPlay VideIt is compatible with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).It acts in a way as a server does.It is an open system.It is single.It has multi-node running capabilities.It is built on parallelism.2) What are the different table types supported by Teradata?There are four types of tables as per data storage in Teradata:Permanent tableGlobal Temporary Table (GTT)Volatile tableDerived tablePermanent TableThese are the Default table types in Teradata. Some of its characteristics are as follows.As its name suggests these tables remains in the system until it is dropped.Data is stored in a stable space.The permanent table definition is stored in the data dictionary.Global Temporary TablesGlobal Temporary tables are also another kind of permanent tables. These tables are used to store the globally used values throughout the application, and the lifetime is limited to the user session. Once the user session is over, the table will be dropped.The global temporary table definition is stored in the data dictionaryData is stored in temporary spaceCollect statistics supported.Volatile TablesVolatile tables are used to store the user session data only. At the end of a particular user session, the table will drop. Volatile tables are essential to store in-between data during data transmission or in complex calculations.Derived TablesDerived tables have the smallest lifetime among all the tables. These tables hold the intermediate results during the query execution. These tables are created, used and dropped within a query.3) What is the difference between Teradata and Oracle?The Teradata and Oracle both are the Relational database management systems. However, Oracle supports an Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS).Let's check out some differences between Teradata and Oracle based on the following parameters.ArchitectureOracle is Shared Everything Architecture whereas Teradata is Shared Nothing (SN) Architecture.Here the term Shared architecture is referred to a multiprocessor database management system where memory and disk storage is shared between the processors.ParallelismOracle has conditional parallelism whereas Teradata has unconditional parallelism. It gives Teradata advantage over OLAP, which results in the exceptional performance than a non-parallel system. Parallelism needs a multi-processor system.ScalabilityScalability contains several aspects of an IT infrastructure such as data handling ( Increases in Data and transactional volume) as well as the increase in multidimensional data, number of users, query complexity, etc.Teradata is Linearly Scalable. Linearly scalable means the database capacity can be increased by adding more nodes to the infrastructure, and when the data volume increases, performance is not affected.4) What are the Updated features of Teradata?Some of its newly developed features are as follows.Automated temporal analytics.JavaScript object NotationTeradata QueryGridXML Data TypePerformanceData CompressionCustomer associated innovation like Teradata viewpoint.5) What is the Multi-insert?Inserting data records into the table using more than one insert statements are referred to as Multi-insert. We can achieve it by putting a semicolon in front of the keyword INSERT in the next statement rather than terminating the first statement with a semicolon.Insert into Cname "select * from customer";Insert into amount "select * from customer";6) What is BTEQ utility in Teradata?BTEQ utility is the most powerful utility in Teradata. It is useful for both batch and interactive mode. It can also be used to run any DDL statement, DML statement, Create macros, and stored procedures. One another important use of BTEQ Is to import data into Teradata tables from a flat-file. It is also useful for extracting data from tables into files or reports.7) What are some commonly used BTEQ scripts?Some commonly used BTEQ scripts are as follows.LOGON: It is used to log into the Teradata system.ACTIVITYCOUNT: It returns the number of rows affected by the most recently used query.ERRORCODE: It returns the status code of the most recently used query.DATABASE: It sets the default database.LABEL: It assigns a label to a set of SQL commands.RUN FILE: It executes the query contained in a file.GOTO: It transfers control to a label.LOGOFF: It logs off from the database and terminates all sessions.IMPORT: it specifies the input file path.EXPORT: It specifies the output file path and initiates the export.8) What is the difference between fastload and multiload? Which one is faster?Fastload uses multiple sessions to rapidly load a large amount of data on an empty table, while Multiload is used for high-volume maintenance on tables and views. Multiload works with non-empty tables also. Multiload can use a maximum of five tables.If we talk about the faster one, then Fastload is faster than multi-load.9) What is the difference between Teradata and basic RDBMS?TeradataBasic RDBMSIt has a large number of different destinationsBasic RDBMS has a lack of various destinations.Source operation is allowed in Teradata.It is not necessary that source operation is always allowed in basic RDBMS.Components can be reused for any number of times.Reusability of components is limited.Debugging is easy in Teradata.Debugging is complicated.10) Explain AMP in Teradata?AMP is an integral part of Teradata Architecture. The term AMP stands for Access module Processor. It stores the data on the disks. AMP is a part of the following activities.It manages a portion of the databaseIt maintains a part of each table.It accomplishes all the tasks associated with generating result set such as sort, join, and aggregation.It performs space and lock management.11) What is SMP and MPP platforms?SMP technology is related to hardware. The hardware that supports Teradata database software is based on SMP (Symmetric multiprocessing) technology. The hardware can be combined with a communications network that connects the SMP systems to form MSP (Massively Parallel Processing) systems.12) Explain some differences between MPP and SMP?MPPMPP (Massively Parallel Processing) is a Computer system which is attached to many independent arithmetic units or entire microprocessors that run in parallel.Databases can be expanded by adding additional CPUs.An MPP environment does not share resources among physical computers, so the performance in MPP environment is improved.Performance of an MPP system is linear, so it increases in proportion to the number of nodes.SMPIn an SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing) processing system, the CPU shares the same memory. So the result code running in one system may affect the memory used by another.SMP databases usually use one CPU to perform database searches.The workload for a parallel task is allocated across the processors in the system.SMP databases can run on several servers. However, they will share another resource.13) Did You Write Stored Procedures In Teradata?No, because the stored procedures become a particular AMP operation and no company will encourage that.14) What Is the Use of having Index on Table?Index table facilitates with the faster and efficient search of the record.15) How to find duplicates in a Table?To find the duplicates in a table, Group by those fields and select id, count(*) from table group by id having count (*) > 1.16) Why managing the data is important?Data is the ultimate source of deriving useful information. With data, many important tasks such as business management, problem formulation, decision making, and many other valuable tasks can be accomplished easily. When the data is not managed, then there are substantial chances that the user will get the errors. A well-managed data always allows users to save time, and to analyze things easily. There are a lot of other reasons as well due to which data management is important.17) What exactly do you know about Catching in Teradata?It is an add-on feature in Teradata which let the users to share the cache easily with all the applications because it works closely with the source and even let the users mound the outcomes in the manner they are comfortable with. This approach saves time when the data is complex and contain so many errors associated with them.18) How you will check the version of Teradata?It can be checked with the following command".SHOW VERSION".19) Explain the Parallel Data Extension in Teradata?PDE is a software interface layer that lies between the Teradata Database and operating system. PDE supports the parallelism through system nodes. It contributes to Teradata Database speed and linear scalability. Many utilities like diagnostic and troubleshooting work at the PDE level.PDE tools are a collection of PDE utilities that come with Teradata Database. They are not listed in Utilities because PDE tools have online documentation accessible from a system console using the "pdehelp" and "man" commands.20) What is the use of FALLBACK?FALLBACK is a unique feature used by Teradata to handle AMP failures. It protects data in case of AMP vproc failure. Fallback is very useful for the application that requires high availability.Fall back is automatic; it is enabled by default when you deploy a Teradata database. The fallback setting can't be overridden during or after table creation. Fallback is transparent; it protects data by storing a second copy of each row of a table on any other AMP in the same cluster. Fallback facilitates with AMP fault tolerance at the table level.21) What is Database exceptions in Teradata?Teradata Database deals with the same features that come with an on-premises Teradata Database system with the following exceptions:Teradata database data block read-ahead count is only 15 data blocks.Teradata database has a default PERM DB size for permanent tables is 254 sectors.Teradata database has a default WORK DB size for temporary tables is 254 sectors, sometimes referred to as SPOOL DB size.In Teradata, one single transaction can consume 100% of FSG cache.Teradata Database 16.10 does not support Multiple Hash Maps feature in the public cloud.22) List out Teradata data types?The list of some basic datatypes in Teradata is as follows.Data TypesLength (Bytes)Range of valuesBYTEINT1-128 to +127SMALLINT2-32768 to +32767INTEGER4-2,147,483,648 to +2147,483,647BIGINT8-9,233,372,036,854,775,80 8 to +9,233,372,036,854,775,8 07DECIMAL1-16NUMERIC1-16FLOAT8IEEE formatCHARFixed Format1-64,000VARCHARVariable1-64,000DATE4YYYYYMMDDTIME6 or 8HHMMSS.nnnnnn+HHMM or HHMMSS.nnnnnnCHARFixed Format1-64,000TIMESTAMP10 or 12YYMMDDHHMMSS.nnnnnn +HHMM or YYMMDDHHMMSS.nnnnnn23) Describe Primary index in Teradata. And what are the available primary index types?The technique to specify where the data exist in the Teradata is called primary index. Each table should contain a primary index specified, if not, Teradata will assign a primary index for the table. The main index provides faster data access and search.There are two types of primary indexes in Teradata:Unique Primary Index(UPI)Non-Unique Primary Index(NUPI)24) Why is the CASE Expression used in Teradata?CASE Expression is used to evaluate each case against a specific condition and returns the result based on the first match. When there is no case that will match condition, then else part will return.The basic syntax of a CASE expression is as follows:CASE WHEN THEN result-1 WHEN THEN result-2 ELSE Result-n END 25) What are the Joins in Teradata and How many types of Joins are there in Teradata?Joins combine the record from more than one table using common columns or value.There are seven types of joins associated with Teradata.Inner JoinInner joins combine the records from multiple tables and returns the value set that is common in both tables.Left Outer JoinLeft outer join returns all the records in the left table and only common records from the right table.Right Outer JoinRight outer join returns all the records in the right table and only common records from the left table.Full Outer JoinIt is a combination of Left Outer Join and Right Outer Join. It returns both common and distinct records from both the tables.Self-JoinSelf-join compares the value in a column with the other values in the same column of the table.Cross JoinCross join joins every row from the left table to every row in the right table.Cartesian Production JoinIt works the same as cross join.26) What is called Partitioned Primary Index (PPI) and discuss the advantages of using it in a query?Partitioned Primary Index (PPI) is an indexing technique that allows for improving the performance of specific queries. Partitioned Primary Index (PPI) is defined within a table, and rows are sorted according to their partition number. Their row hash arranges records.Advantages of Partitioned Primary Index (PPI):PPI helps to avoid a full table scan and only required partitions are accessed.PPI avoids using the secondary index, and it helps to prevent additional I/O maintenance.PPI allows Quick access to the subset of a large table.PPI facilitates with easy to drop old data and add new data.27) Define Views in Teradata with syntax.Database objects that are built using queries on tables are termed as views. The definition of view is stored permanently in the data definition. Data for the view is a dynamic process at the execution time.SyntaxCREATE/REPLACE VIEW AS ; 28) Describe the set operators in Teradata.Set operators are used to batch the result from multiple SELECT statements. Set operator is different from joins because joins batch the columns in multiple tables, but set operators batch multiple rows.Given below are the four Set operators in Teradata:UNIONUNION ALLINTERSECTMINUS/EXCEPT29) What is Upsert statement in Teradata?In Teradata, we can combine the update and insert statement into a single statement. It is called an Upsert statement.30) What are the String Manipulation operators and functions associated with Teradata?Teradata String functions are used for string manipulation. It concatenates strings and creates a single string. It also supports some standard string functions along with the Teradata extension to those functions.SUBSTR: It is used to extract only a portion of the long string depends on Teradata extension.SUBSTRING: It is used to extract only a portion of the long string depends on the ANSI extension.INDEX: It is used to locate a specific position of a character string depends on the Teradata extension.POSITION: It is used to locate a specific position of a character string depends on the ANSI extension.TRIM: It trims blank from the specified string.UPPER: It converts the string to uppercase.LOWER: It converts the string to lowercase.
More detailsPublished - Wed, 07 Dec 2022
Created by - Admin s
1. Can you explain your experience with clinical trial data analysis? Answer: I have X years of experience in performing clinical trial data analysis, utilizing statistical software such as SAS and R to manage, clean, and analyze large datasets. I have worked on various phases of clinical trials and have experience in creating and implementing statistical analysis plans (SAPs).2. How do you approach designing and implementing statistical analysis plans? Answer: I follow a systematic approach to designing and implementing SAPs. First, I review the protocol and study objectives to ensure a clear understanding of the trial design and data requirements. Next, I determine the appropriate statistical methods and models for the analysis, taking into consideration factors such as sample size and type of data. Finally, I work with the study team to finalize the SAP, incorporating any necessary revisions and ensuring that the plan is in line with regulatory guidelines.3. Can you walk us through your experience with data management and database design? Answer: I have extensive experience in data management, including database design and implementation, data quality control and assurance, and data cleaning and transformation. I have worked with various EDC systems and have implemented data transfer processes to ensure accuracy and completeness of data.4. How do you ensure data quality and accuracy in your analysis? Answer: I follow best practices in data quality control and assurance, including performing data checks and validations, handling missing data appropriately, and monitoring data trends. I also collaborate with study teams and data management groups to resolve any data issues and ensure data accuracy and completeness.5. Can you discuss a complex data analysis project you have worked on and the results obtained? Answer: One example of a complex data analysis project I worked on was a multi-center, randomized clinical trial for a new drug for treatment of a specific disease. I was responsible for designing and implementing the SAP, managing the database, and performing the statistical analysis. The results showed a significant improvement in the treatment arm compared to the control arm, and the findings were published in a peer-reviewed journal.6. Have you worked with electronic data capture (EDC) systems and databases?Answer: Yes, I have extensive experience working with EDC systems and databases. I have worked with various EDC platforms, including [insert specific EDC systems used], and have expertise in designing and implementing databases for clinical trials.7. How do you stay current with advancements in clinical data analysis techniques and tools? Answer: I actively stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in clinical data analysis by attending conferences, workshops, and training sessions. I also regularly review relevant literature and industry publications and collaborate with other clinical data analysts and biostatisticians to exchange ideas and best practices.8. Can you explain how you handle missing data in clinical trials and the impact on analysis results?Answer: I follow established best practices for handling missing data, such as using multiple imputation techniques or performing sensitivity analyses. The approach taken depends on the specific study design, data structure, and missing data pattern. It is important to handle missing data appropriately to ensure that the analysis results are unbiased and accurately reflect the study population.9. Can you discuss your experience with using SAS or other statistical software for clinical data analysis? Answer: I have extensive experience using SAS for clinical data analysis. I have used SAS to perform various types of analyses, including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and survival analysis. I am proficient in programming and have also used other statistical software such as R for data analysis.
More detailsPublished - Mon, 30 Jan 2023
Created by - Admin s
1. What inspired you to pursue a career in software engineering?I am drawn to software engineering because of the opportunity to solve complex problems through code, and the ever-evolving nature of technology that keeps the field exciting and challenging.2. How familiar are you with Agile methodologies?I am familiar with Agile methodologies and have experience working in Agile teams following Scrum or Kanban frameworks. I understand the principles of iterative development, continuous delivery, and prioritizing user stories.3. Can you explain a project you have worked on and your role in it?I worked on a project to develop a web-based application for a local small business. I was responsible for designing and implementing features, testing, and fixing bugs. I collaborated with the team to ensure that the application met the client's requirements and was delivered on time.4. Can you talk about a technical challenge you faced and how you overcame it?In a previous project, I encountered a problem with performance when fetching large amounts of data from a database. I addressed this issue by optimizing the SQL queries and caching the results, which resulted in a significant improvement in performance.5. How do you keep up with the latest technology trends and advancements?I stay updated by reading articles and blogs, attending technical conferences, and participating in online forums and communities. I also experiment with new technologies in my personal projects to gain hands-on experience and expand my skillset.6. What coding language(s) are you proficient in?I am proficient in Python, Java, and JavaScript, and have experience with several other programming languages such as C++ and Ruby.7.Can you explain a concept in software engineering that you are particularly passionate about?I am passionate about software design patterns. I believe that using design patterns can make code more maintainable, scalable, and efficient, and can improve the overall architecture of a software system.
More detailsPublished - Mon, 30 Jan 2023
Created by - Admin s
1. Can you tell us about your experience in data analysis?Answer: Yes, I have X years of experience in analyzing and interpreting large datasets for various projects in [industry/field].2. How do you approach solving a data analysis problem?Answer: I follow a structured approach, including defining the problem, collecting and cleaning data, performing exploratory analysis, building models, and presenting insights and recommendations.3. How do you handle missing data in your analyses?Answer: I assess the extent and pattern of missing data and decide the best imputation method such as mean/median imputation, multiple imputation, or using predictive models.4. Can you give an example of a complex data analysis project you have worked on?Answer: Sure, I worked on [project name], where I analyzed [data type] to [provide insights/answer questions] for [client/stakeholder]. I utilized [tools/methods] to [achieve result].5. How do you ensure the quality and accuracy of your data?Answer: I employ various techniques such as data validation rules, cross-checking with external sources, and performing sensitivity analysis to ensure the reliability of my results.6. How do you stay updated with the latest developments in data analysis?Answer: I attend relevant conferences and workshops, follow industry experts and thought leaders, and engage in ongoing learning and professional development opportunities.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 31 Jan 2023
Created by - Admin s
1. Can you explain the medical coding process and your role in it?Answer: Medical coding is the process of converting healthcare diagnosis, procedures, and services into standardized codes for reimbursement and data analysis. As a medical coder, I assign codes using ICD-10, CPT, and HCPCS systems and ensure accuracy and completeness of medical records.2. How do you handle coding of complex medical cases?Answer: I follow established coding guidelines, consult coding manuals and reference materials, and communicate with healthcare providers for clarification to accurately code complex cases.3. How do you maintain the confidentiality and security of patient health information (PHI)?Answer: I follow HIPAA regulations and my company's policies on PHI security, including protecting access to electronic health records and properly disposing of physical records.4. Can you give an example of a difficult coding scenario you had to resolve?Answer: Sure, I recall a case where [provide scenario]. I [describe the steps you took to resolve it, including resources used].5. How do you stay up-to-date with changes in medical coding standards and regulations?Answer: I regularly attend continuing education courses, participate in coding forums and professional organizations, and stay informed of industry updates and changes through online resources.6. How do you ensure the accuracy of the codes you assign?Answer: I continuously review coding guidelines, perform regular audits of my work, and seek guidance from senior coders or supervisors to ensure the accuracy of my coding decisions.7. How do you prioritize and manage your coding workload?Answer: I prioritize my coding assignments based on urgency and due dates, and efficiently allocate my time by using coding software and tools, and collaborating with other coders and healthcare professionals.8. How do you handle coding discrepancies?Answer: I investigate and resolve discrepancies by consulting with physicians and reviewing medical records, and document the process and resolution for quality assurance.
More detailsPublished - Tue, 31 Jan 2023
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