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A list of top frequently asked Control System interview questions and answers are given below.
When the number of elements connected performs a specific function then the group of elements is said to constitute a system or interconnection of various components for a specific task is called system. Example: Automobile.
Any set of mechanical or electronic devices that manages, regulates or commands the behavior of the system using control loop is called the Control System. It can range from a small controlling device to a large industrial controlling device which is used for controlling processes or machines.
There are two types of Control System-
Open loop control System: An open-loop control system is a system in which the control action is independent of the desired output signal. Examples: Automatic washing machine, Immersion rod.
Closed loop control System: A closed-loop control system is a system in which control action is dependent on the desired output. Examples: Automatic electric iron, Servo voltage stabilizer, an air conditioner.
The time required to change from one state to another state is known as transient time, the value of current and voltage during this period is called transient response and the system in which the input and output characteristics of the system does not change with time is called the Time-Invariant System.
Linear system: Linear systems are the systems which possess the property of homogeneity and superposition. The term superposition means that an input r1(t) gives an output c1(t) and r2(t) will give the output c2(t). If we apply both the input r1(t) and r2(t) together, then the output will be the sum of c1(t) and c2(t).
r1 (t) + r2 (t) = c1 (t) + c2 (t)
Non-Linear System: Non-linear systems are the systems which do not possess the property of superposition and homogeneity, and the output of these systems are not directly proportional to its input. In these types of systems, the stability of the system depends upon the input and initial state of the system.
When the two differential equations are of same order or form such type of systems is called analogous systems.
Transfer function of a system is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of output to the Laplace transform of input with all the initial conditions as zero.
Where,
Advantages of the open-loop control system
Disadvantages of the open-loop control system
Advantages of closed-loop systems
Disadvantages of closed-loop systems
The processing system (open loop system), feedback path element, an error detector, and controller are the necessary components of the feedback control system.
When the input is fed to the system and the output received is sampled, and the proportional signal is then fed back to the input for automatic correction of the error for further processing to get the desired output is called as feedback in control system.
Gain margin is the gain which varies before the system becomes stable because if we continuously increase the gain up to a certain threshold, the system will become marginally stable, and if the gain varies further then it leads to instability. Mathematically, it is the reciprocal of the magnitude of the G(jω)H(jω) at phase cross-over frequency.
The graphical representation of the system's relationship between the variables of a set of linear equations is called SFG (Signal Flow Graph). Signal flow graphs do not require any reduction technique or process.
The input and output variable relationship of a signal flow graph is given by Mason's Gain Formula.
For the determination of the overall system, the gain of the system is given by:
Where,
Pk = forward path gain of the Kth forward path.
∆ = 1 - [Sum of the loop gain of all individual loops] + [Sum of gain products of all possible of two non-touching loops] + [Sum of gain products of all possible three non-touching loops] + .......
∆k = The value of ∆ for the path of the graph is the part of the graph that is not touching the Kth forward path.
The essential characteristics of the signal flow graph are:
The basic rule for block diagram reduction is that if we make any changes in the diagram, then that changes do not create any changes in the input-output relationship of the system.
Order of the system is the highest derivative of the order of its equation. Similarly, it is the highest power of 's' in the denominator of the transfer function.
The maximum value of the closed-loop transfer function is called the Resonant Peak. A large value of resonant peak means that it has large overshoot value in the transient response.
The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut-off frequency is called the cut-off rate. It indicates the ability of the system to differentiate between the signal and the noise.
When the phase of the open loop transfer function reaches 180? at a particular frequency then it is called as Phase crossover frequency.
When we have to bring the system to the edge of instability, the additional phase lag required at the gain crossover frequency is called the Phase Margin.
The value at which the function F(s) becomes infinite is called the Pole of the function F(s), where F(s) is a function of complex variables.
The value at which the function F(s) becomes zero is called the Zero of the function F(s), where F(s) is a function of complex variables.
When there is an emergency, i.e., fire/explosion takes place in the plant, and we have to restrict it from entering to the control room then MCT (Multiple Cable Transient) blocks are used, and the process control rooms are built for the non-hazardous area.
Positive feedback increases the error signal and drives the system to the instability that is why it is not generally used in the control system. Positive feedbacks are used in minor loop control systems to amplify internal signals and parameters.
When a specific type of motor known as servomotor is combined with a rotary encoder or a potentiometer, to form a Servomechanism. In this setup, a potentiometer provides an analog signal to indicate the position and an encoder provide position and speed feedback.
Servomechanism is used in the control system so that the mechanical position of a device can be varied with the help of output.
The Servomechanism is widely used in a Governor value position control mechanism that is used in power plants to take the speed of turbine and process it using the transducer, and the final value is taken as a mechanical movement of the value. However, nowadays Governor value position control is done with Electronic controls that use power Thyristors. This mechanism is also used in robotic hand movement.
The following types of instrument cables are there:
The temperature elements are-
The media or way through which we lay the field cables in plants is called as cable tray. These are made of aluminum, steel or fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) and are available in six types-
The main points which we have to consider before laying the cables are the site conditions and the adequate space where we have to lay the cable.
Based on the occupancy in the cable tray and a number of cables required we have to choose the size of the cable tray. These are available in all sizes like 80,150, 300, 450, 600 and 900.
The slope near the cut-off frequency of the log-magnitude curve is called the cut-off rate. The cut-off rate indicates the ability of the system to distinguish between the signal and the noise.
Sampled data system has the following applications-
It is used in large systems using telemetry links based on pulse modulation (PM) translational data.
DCS and PLC are the control systems which handles fields I/Os. DCS is Distributed control system, and PLC is the Programmable logic controller.
Stable systems are the system in which all the roots of the characteristic equations lie on the right half of the 'S' plane.
Marginally stable systems are the system in which all the roots of the characteristic equations lie on the imaginary axis of the 'S' plane
Unstable systems are the system in which all the roots of the characteristic equations lie on the left half of the 'S' plane.
Routh Hurwitz criterion states that a system is stable if and only if all the roots of the first column have the same sign and if all the signs are not same then number of time the sign changes in the first column is equal to the number of roots of the characteristic equation in the right half of the s-plane.
Automatic Controllers are the device which compares the actual value of plant output with the desired value. These systems produce the control system that reduces the deviation to ?0? or to a small value and determines the deviation.
Control action is the manner in which the automatic controller produces the control signal.
Fri, 16 Jun 2023
Fri, 16 Jun 2023
Fri, 16 Jun 2023
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